Citation
REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
MINISTRY OF FINANCE AND ECONOMIC PLANNING
(MINECOFIN)
UNDERSTANDING THE HISTORY OF THE 1994 GENOCIDE
AGAINST THE TUTSI IN TWO FORMER MINISTRIES WITH
AFFILIATED AGENCIES: MINISTRY OF FINANCE AND
MINISTRY OF PLANNING
January, 2018
REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
MINISTRY OF FINANCE AND ECONOMIC PLANNING
(MINECOFIN)
UNDERSTANDING THE HISTORY OF THE 1994 GENOCIDE
AGAINST THE TUTSI IN TWO FORMER MINISTRIES WITH
AFFILIATED AGENCIES: MINISTRY OF FINANCE AND
MINISTRY OF PLANNING
January 2018
“We want their lives to be remembered for generations and generations so that those who
will come after us know and understand what happened.”
Minister, Claver Gatete, 2015
Copyright © 2018 by MINECOFIN
i
Foreword
The Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN), in collaboration with the
National Commission for the Fight against Genocide, is delighted to have a study on the history of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in two former Rwanda’s Ministries: Ministry of
Planning and Ministry of Finance. First and foremost, I am grateful to the Government of
Rwanda for having acknowledged that previous research on Genocide perpetrated against the
Tutsi has been generic in nature and has recommended that more focus of future research
should be put on smaller geographic units and/or institutions that existed in Rwanda prior to
the perpetration of the Genocide against the Tutsi. This will provide a strong foundation of
knowing the truth about what happened during the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi. Such a
foundation is considered as a prerequisite for sustainable reconciliation and peace-building.
It is of paramount importance to stress that the planning and executing processes of the 1994
Genocide against the Tutsi in the two former ministries was not different from what actually
happened in other parts of the country. We highly condemn the atrocities that were committed
and promise to do our utmost best so that such evil deeds do not happen again in Rwanda.
Like other Genocide victims across the country, the Genocide against the Tutsi left many survivors and their relatives in the said ministries traumatized, maimed and morally affected.
Therefore, MINECOFIN and the families of the Genocide victims as well as Rwandans in
general should learn from the divisive past so as to build a better and sustainable country. It is
in this regard that MINECOFIN staff, like other Rwandans, should invest their efforts in rebuilding the country through collective participation to consolidate peace, unity and harmony
among Rwandans.
It is my wish that this research emboldens the readers of this study, our country men and
women as well as Rwanda’s development partners to work hand in hand in order to prevent
the re-occurrence of such a tragedy in Rwanda or elsewhere in the world.
Claver Gatete
Minister
ii
Acknowledgements
First of all, we wish to extend our sincere gratitude to the Government of Rwanda through the
National Commission for the Fight against Genocide (CNLG) for having been at the forefront
in promoting research on the history of Genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi in 1994.
We would also like to thank all research participants who were involved in this initiative.
Without their passionate participation and input, this research could not have been successfully conducted.
We are also deeply indebted to various staff members in the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, especially those who kindly facilitated the process of data collection for this research. Without their willingness and availability, this research would not have achieved its
intended goals.
We hereby wish to extend our profound thanks to the research team that participated in the
realization of this report - Prof. Rutayisire Paul and Mr. Musafiri Elly. Last but not least, we
are highly indebted to various categories of people for their invaluable contribution especially
those who kindly accepted to provide useful information for this report.
iii
Acronyms and Abbreviations
ADF
African Development Fund
AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
AVEGA
Association des Veuves du Génocide Agahozo
BBL
Bank Bruxelles Lambert
BNP
Banque Nationale de Paris
BNR
Banque Nationale du Rwanda
BUNEP
Bureau National d’Etudes des Projets
CCM
Center for Conflict Management
CDR
Coalition pour la Défense de la République
CNLG
Commission Nationale de Lute contre le Génocide
CADTM
Committee for the Abolition of the Illegitimate Debt
EDPRS
Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Paper
FAR
Forces Armées Rwandaises
FRW
Francs
GLR
Great Lakes Region
HIV
Human Immune Virus
HRW
Human Rights Watch
ICTR
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
IDA
International Development Association
IDA
International Development Agency
IMF
International Monetary Fund
Lt.
Lieutenant
Lt. Col.
Lieutenant Colonel
MDR
Mouvement Démocratique Républicain
MIFOTRA
Ministry of Public Service and Labour
iv
MINALOC
Ministry of Administration and Local Government
MINECOFIN
Ministry of economic Planning and Finance
MRND
Mouvement Révolutionaire National pour le Développement
Mr.
Mister
NIC
National Itorero Commission
NISR
National Institute of Statistics Rwanda
NUR
National University of Rwanda
NURC
National Unity and Reconciliation Commission
PARMEHUTU
Parti du Mouvement de l’Emancipation Hutu
PDC
Parti Démocratique de Centriste
PFM
Public Finance Management
PINAS
Programme National d’Action Sociale
PL
Parti Libéral
PRSP
Poverty Reduction Strategic Paper
PSD
Parti Social Démocrate
PTSD
Trauma and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
RANU
Alliance for National Unity
RDRC
Rwanda Demobilization and Reintegration Commission
RPA
Rwanda Patriotic Army
RPF
Rwanda Patriotic Front
RRA
Rwanda Revenue Authority
RTLM
Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines
SAP
Structural Adjustment Programs
UBP
Union Bancaire Privée
UN
United Nations
UNAMIR
United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda
v
UNDP
United Nations Development Programme
USD
United States Dollars
WB
World Bank
vi
Dedication
To all Victims of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi,
To all survivors, we wish to assure you that it will never happen again
vii
Table of Content
Foreword ................................................................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. iii
Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................. iv
Dedication ............................................................................................................................... vii
List of Tables.......................................................................................................................... xiv
List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... xv
CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION................................................................ 1
1.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Research problem .............................................................................................................. 3
1.3. Research questions ............................................................................................................ 3
1.4. Research Objectives .......................................................................................................... 4
1.5. Research Scope .................................................................................................................. 4
1.6. Justification of the study ................................................................................................... 5
1.7. Study limitations ................................................................................................................ 6
1.8. Report Structure ............................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER TWO: METHODOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES AND METHODS ............. 7
2. 1. Research Paradigm .......................................................................................................... 7
2. 2. Research Design and Methods ........................................................................................ 7
2.3. Data sources and tools of data collection ........................................................................ 8
2.4. Study Population and Sample Size .................................................................................. 8
2.5. Sampling Procedures ...................................................................................................... 10
2.6. Categories of Participants/Respondents........................................................................ 10
2.7. Data Analysis and Interpretation .................................................................................. 11
2.8. Research Ethics ............................................................................................................... 12
viii
CHAPTER THREE: A BRIEF REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON THE HISTORY OF
GENOCIDE IN RWANDA ................................................................................................... 13
3.1. First Republic: 1962-1973 ............................................................................................... 13
3.2. Rwanda: Under the Second Republic (1973-1994)....................................................... 14
3.3. Effects of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi ............................................................. 17
3.4. Post-Genocide Rwanda: Transforming the Divisive Past ........................................... 18
CHAPTER FOUR: HISTORY OF THE 1994 GENOCIDE IN THE FORMER
MINISTRY OF FINANCE AND MINISTRY OF PLANNING ........................................ 20
4.1. Structure of the former Ministry of Finance (MINIFIN), Ministry of Planning
(MINIPLAN) with their affiliated agencies prior to 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi .... 20
4.1.1. Location of the Two Former Ministries and their Affiliated Agencies .......................... 20
4.1.1.1. Location of former ministries ...................................................................................... 20
4.1.1.2. Location of the former affiliated agencies .................................................................. 20
4.1.2. MINECOFIN’s origin and responsibilities .................................................................... 20
4.1.3. Former Ministries Managerial Structure ........................................................................ 23
4.1.3.1. Ministry of Finance (MINIFIN) ............................................................................... 23
4.1.3.1.1. Tax and customs Reform Project ............................................................................. 25
4.1.3.1.2. Public and Private Enterprises Restructuring Project .............................................. 25
4.1.3.2. Ministry of Planning (MINIPLAN) ......................................................................... 25
4.1.3.2.1. Bureau National d’Etudes des Projets (BUNEP) ..................................................... 26
4.1.3.2.2. Programme National d’Action Sociale (PINAS) ..................................................... 27
4.1.4. MINIFIN and MINIPLAN staff before October 1, 1990 ............................................... 28
4.1.5. MINIFIN and MINIPLAN staff between 1st October 1990 and 7th April 1994............. 29
4.2. Socio-ethnic relationships between employees in the former Ministry of Finance and
Ministry of Planning with their affiliated agencies before October 1, 1990 ..................... 31
4.2.1. Working environment from October 26, 1961 to July 4, 1973 – A typical genesis of
hatred and segregation experienced by Tutsi employees ......................................................... 31
4.2.2. Working environment from July 5, 1973 to October 1, 1990 ........................................ 33
4.2.3. Inhuman treatment against Tutsi employees before 1st October 1990 ........................... 34
ix
4.3. Tutsi employees’ welfare during the Liberation War (1990 – 1994) .......................... 35
4.3.1. Social relationships among Ministries’ employees between October 1, 1990 and April
6, 1994 ...................................................................................................................................... 35
4.3.2. Acts of torture against the Tutsi in the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Planning
during the Liberation War ........................................................................................................ 37
4.3.3. Crime period: names of victims and perpetrators and reasons of violence .................... 39
4.4. Use of state treasure in buying arms to kill citizens ..................................................... 41
4.4.1. The Former Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Planning and Banque Nationale du
Rwanda in funds misappropriation saga .................................................................................. 42
4.4.2. Balance of payments and imports of military equipment .............................................. 43
4.4.3. The freeze and reduction of some civil service salaries ................................................. 43
4.4.4. Effects of using State funds in buying arms to kill citizens ........................................... 44
4.5. Former Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Defense dealings in the importation of
military equipment ................................................................................................................. 45
4.5.1. Complicity of the Former Ministry of Finance and the International Financial
Institutions and Western Donors in arming the genocidal regime ........................................... 48
4.5.2. Former Ministry of Finance in Illegal/Illegitimate debt dealings with the aim of arming
the Genocide ............................................................................................................................. 48
4.5.3. Former Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Defense dealings with French Banks and
Rwanda’s former embassies in illegal funds for arms importation .......................................... 50
4.5.3.1. Delivery of weapons: delivery routes and facilitators ................................................. 52
4.5.3.2. Stealing currency reserves ........................................................................................... 54
4.6. Conspiracy by Habyarimana’s government with the former Ministry of Finance and
Ministry of Planning .............................................................................................................. 54
4.6.1. MINIFIN Ministers from 26 October 1960 to 14 July 1994 .......................................... 55
4.6.1.1. Cyimana Gaspard (October 26, 1960 – June 12, 1968) .............................................. 55
4.6.1.2. Nzanana Fidèle (June 12, 1968 – February 21, 1972)................................................. 57
4.6.1.3. Major Ntibitura Bonaventure (July 5, 1973 – August 1, 1973) .................................. 57
4.6.1.4. Nduhungirehe Jean-Chrysostome (August 1, 1973 – June 11, 1975) ......................... 58
4.6.1.5. Ntirugirimbabazi Denys (June 11, 1975 – March 29, 1981) ....................................... 59
x
4.6.1.6. Hategikimana Jean-Damascene (March 29, 1981 – April 4, 1987) ............................ 60
4.6.1.7. Ruhamanya Vincent (April 9, 1987 - January 15, 1989) ............................................ 61
4.6.1.8. Ntigurirwa Bénoit (15th January 1989 – 31st December 1991) ................................. 62
4.6.1.9. Ruhigira Enoch (December 31, 1991 – April 16, 1992) ............................................. 63
4.6.1.10. Rugenera Marc (April 16, 1992 –April 9, 1994)....................................................... 64
4.6.1.11. Ndindabahizi Emmanuel (April 9, 1994 to mid-July 1994)...................................... 67
4.6.2. MINIPLAN Ministers from 1962-1994 ......................................................................... 70
4.6.2.1. Habameshi Callixte (May 18, 1962 – February 6, 1963) ............................................ 70
4.6.2.2. Bagaragaza Thaddée (February 16, 1963 – July 27, 1968) ......................................... 71
4.6.2.3. Hitayezu Emmanuel (July 27, 1968 – July 4, 1973) ................................................... 71
4.6.2.4. Major Nsekalije Aloys (July 5, 1973 – August 1, 1974)............................................. 72
4.6.2.5. Mbonyumutwa Jean-Marie-Vianney (August 1, 1973 – June 11, 1975) .................... 72
4.6.2.6. Nduhungirehe Jean-Chrysostome (June 11, 1975 – January 8, 1979) ........................ 72
4.6.2.7. Mulindangabo Ambroise (January 8, 1979 –January 15, 1989) ................................. 73
4.6.2.8. Nzabonimana Callixte (January 15, 1989 – July 9, 1990) .......................................... 74
4.6.2.9. Ngirabatware Augustin (July 9, 1990 - January 5, 1994) ........................................... 75
4.6.2.10. Ntagerura André (January 5, 1994 – April 9, 1994) ................................................. 77
4.6.2.11. Ngirabatware Augustin (April 9, 1994 to mid-July 1994) ........................................ 78
4.6.3. BUNEP former Director Generals ................................................................................. 78
4.6.3.1. Hategekimana Jean-Damascene .................................................................................. 78
4.6.3.2. Nduhungirehe Jean-Chrysostome ............................................................................... 79
4.6.3.3. Barinda Jean-Bosco ..................................................................................................... 80
4.6.3.4. Ruzindana Augustin .................................................................................................... 80
4.6.3.5. Mbaguta Jean-Marie-Vianney ..................................................................................... 80
4.7. Genocide execution (April 7, 1994 to mid-July 1994) .................................................. 81
4.7.1. How, when and where were the Tutsi subjected to being massacred?........................... 81
4.7.2. Convicted and un-convicted perpetrators of Genocide in the former ministries ........... 82
xi
4.7.3. Tutsi Genocide Victims in the former Ministries under study ....................................... 82
4.7.3.1. MINIFIN Tutsi Genocide Victims. ............................................................................. 83
4.7.3.2. MINIPLAN Tutsi Genocide Victims ........................................................................ 112
4.7.3.2.1. BUNEP Genocide Victims ..................................................................................... 123
4.7.3.2.2. PINAS Genocide Victims ...................................................................................... 124
4.7.4. Other Ministries’ Victims Killed During the Genocide ............................................... 124
4.7.5. Locations where Tutsi employees were massacred ...................................................... 124
4.7.6. Weapons used in killing Tutsi employees .................................................................... 125
4.7.6.1. Classical and traditional weapons ............................................................................. 125
4.7.6.2. Rape as a weapon: An institutional untold ordeal ..................................................... 125
4.7.7. Preparatory Meetings of the Genocide against Ministries’ Tutsi employees ............... 126
4.8. Violent acts against the Tutsi employees in the former Ministry of Finance and
Ministry of Planning during the 1994 Genocide ............................................................... 127
4.9. Acts of destroying Genocide facts during the Genocide ............................................ 128
4.10. Social group relations in post-Genocide period ........................................................ 130
4.10.1. Genocide commemoration in MINECOFIN .............................................................. 130
4.10.2. Supporting Genocide survivors .................................................................................. 132
4.10.2.1. Support to Imararungu Association ........................................................................ 133
4.10.2.2. Support to relatives of former Tutsi employees ...................................................... 133
4.11.3. Fighting Genocide ideology and denial ..................................................................... 133
4.12. Testimonies from the survivors and/or victim relatives .......................................... 135
CHAPTER FIVE: LESSONS LEARNT, SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................... 139
5.1. Lessons Learnt ............................................................................................................... 139
5.2. Summary of findings ..................................................................................................... 142
5.3. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 144
5.4. Recommendations ......................................................................................................... 145
5.4.1. To MINECOFIN .......................................................................................................... 145
5.4.2. To Ministry of Health (MINISANTE) ......................................................................... 146
xii
5.4.3. Ministry of Justice (MINIJUST) .................................................................................. 146
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................ 147
APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................... 149
Appendix I: Interview Guide.................................................................................................. 149
Appendix 2: Some of the MINIFIN Former Employees between 1st October 1990 and 6th
April 1994 .............................................................................................................................. 154
Appendix 3: Some of the MINIPLAN Former Employees Between 1st October 1990 and 6th
April 1994 .............................................................................................................................. 157
Appendix 4: Some of the BUNEP Former Employees Between 1st October 1990 and 6th April
1994 ........................................................................................................................................ 159
Appendix 5: MINIFIN Tutsi Genocide Victims .................................................................... 160
Appendix 6: MINIPLAN Tutsi Genocide Victims ................................................................ 163
Appendix 7: BUNEP Genocide Victims ................................................................................ 164
Appendix 8: List of the two former ministries’ victims whose any single details were
untraceable ............................................................................................................................. 165
xiii
List of Tables
Table 1: Krejcie and Morgan table method of choosing a sample size ...................................... 9
Table 2: Categories of respondents .......................................................................................... 10
Table 3: Categories of respondents .......................................................................................... 14
Table 4: Institutional staff before 1st October 1990 ................................................................ 29
Table 5: Institutional staff between October 1, 1990 and April 7, 1994 .................................. 30
Table 6: Types of weapons bought by the former Ministry of Finance ................................... 46
Table 7: Companies and banks involved in buying arms used in the Tutsi massacre ............. 47
Table 8: Convicted and non-convicted Genocide perpetrators in the former ministries.......... 82
Table 9: Victims without contacts .......................................................................................... 122
xiv
List of Figures
Figure 1: Structure of the former Ministry of Finance ............................................................. 24
Figure 2: Structure of former Ministry of Planning ................................................................. 26
Figure 3: BUNEP Structure...................................................................................................... 27
Figure 4: PINAS Structure ....................................................................................................... 28
xv
CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction
The 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda decimated over one million people in less
than three months. These inhumane massacres took place across the entire country in a Statesponsored and inspired Genocide, initiated by the First Republic and implemented by the
Second Republic. The victims of this Genocide included people from all walks of life: children, adults, elders, intellectuals, students, civil servants, etc.1 Prunier and Mugesera argue
that the ultimate plan of the genocidal regime in Rwanda was to exterminate all the Tutsis on
Rwandan soil through a well-planned political agenda with the involvement of as many perpetrators as possible. The latter included simple peasants, political and religious leaders, as well
as security organs, among others.2 The role of some members of the international community
who directly or indirectly supported the killing of the Tutsi in different parts of the country
was also noticeable.3 The massacres took place at village and institutional levels and were
masterminded by the State.
Though the complexity of these genocidal killings has been at the center stage of research by
various scholars who have endeavored to find out the reality of what happened, the focus of
such studies has tended to be too generic. This is why the 13th National Dialogue Council that
took place from December 21 to 22, 2015 recommended that research be conducted on the
1994 Genocide against the Tutsi by focusing on smaller geographical units and institutions
that existed in Rwanda prior to the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi so as to establish the naked truth of what happened at micro and mezzo levels.4
Knowing the truth is indispensable in enhancing true unity and reconciliation between Rwandans. However, available evidence indicates that some individuals, associations, organizations
and institutions started collecting Genocide accounts from different parts of Rwanda. Organizations or institutions that have conducted research on Genocide at micro and mezzo levels
1. MINALOC, Rwanda Five-Years Decentralization Implementation programme (2004-2008) Poverty
Reduction and Empowerment through Entrenchment of Democratic Decentralization. Kigali:
MINALOC, 2004, p. 2.
2 Prunier, G., The Rwanda Crisis: History of Genocide . Kampala: Fountain Publishers, 2001, p. 56 &
Mugesera, A., Imibereho y’Abatutsi Kuri Repuburika ya Mbere n’Iya Kabiri. Kigali: CNLG, 2015, p. 5
3 Melvern, L., Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide . New York: Verso, 2006, p. 6.
4 See Resolution two of the 13th National Umushikirano Council that took place on December 21-22,
2015.
1
include the African Rights (1995, 1998), the Human Rights Watch (1999), IBUKA (1998),
CNLG, and AVEGA who have taken the lead in collecting and commenting on Genocide testimonies. Nonetheless, individual researchers like Yolande Mukagasana (1999, 2004), Philip
Gourevitch (1998), Esther Mujawayo (2006), Dukundane Family (2009), Aimable Kubana
(2010), to mention but a few, have made invaluable contributions in this regard that cannot go
unnoticed. The role played by the Gacaca courts to avail the truth during the 1994 Genocide
against Tutsi is considered to be instrumental in safeguarding the Genocide memory among
the Rwandans.5
Beyond the scope of testimonies, several other scholars and researchers like Kabwete, Kimonyo, Mironko, Hatzefelt and Melvern deal with the root causes of the Genocide against the
Tutsi as well as its conduct and consequences. Some of them provide a comparison with other
Genocides which occurred in recent history. Genocide, being a complex phenomenon, requires a multidimensional approach to understand it not only at the macro level but also at the
mezzo and micro levels, which is the ultimate focus of the current Government of National
Unity.
The Government of Rwanda aims to transform the country’s divisive past through the use of
classical and homegrown mechanisms which are fundamental to long-term development and
self-reliance. Some of the mechanisms include the National Commission for the Fight against
Genocide (CNLG), the National Unity and Reconciliation Commission (NURC), the National
Itorero Commission (NIC), the National Commission for Human Rights, and the Ndi
Umunyarwanda program, to mention but a few. All these mechanisms operate at both macro
and micro levels in their wake to address individual, societal, and national issues.
In this regard, the Government of Rwanda, through the National Commission for the Fight
against Genocide (CNLG), supports the activities to document the 1994 Genocide against the
Tutsi and encourages this initiative at all levels. Therefore, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN) as one of the Rwanda’s State institutions aims to undertake a
study that explores how the Genocide against the Tutsi was carried out in two former ministries - Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Planning as well as their affiliated Agencies.
5
Center for Conflict Management, Evaluation of Gacaca Courts in Rwanda. Kigali: Pallotti Press, 2012.
2
Based on the national memory and history of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi, the Government of National Unity through CNLG encourages a decentralized approach to document
the events that led to the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.6 In fact, in its instructions of March
2016, CNLG requested the public, private and religious institutions and bodies to conduct research on how the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi was perpetrated in various settings, as
well as the efforts that have been made in the commemoration, social reinsertion and fight
against the Genocide ideology. It is against this background that the present research on the
history of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in two former ministries - Ministry of Finance
and Ministry of Planning as well as their affiliated Agencies - was commissioned.
1.2. Research problem
Many studies on Rwanda’s history and the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi have been largely
generic, that is to say focusing on the entire country as their geographical scope7. Minimal
focus has been put on institutions or smaller geographical units that existed prior to the 1994
Genocide against the Tutsi. Studies that focus on smaller research units will enable Rwandans
to comprehensively understand how the killings were planned and executed as this will contribute to providing a good foundation of memory healing, as well as establishing truth, justice and reconciliation for a sustainable future.
1.3. Research questions
The present study makes an attempt to answer the following epistemological questions:
1. What were the prevailing dynamics in the planning and execution of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in the two former ministries - Ministry of Finance, and Ministry
of Planning as well as their affiliated Agencies?
2. Was the planning and execution of the Genocide in the two former institutions explicit
or implicit vis-a-vis the the State genocidal ideology?
6 Resolution from the 2015 National Umushikirano Council in relation to documenting the 1994 Genocide perpe-
trated against Tutsi by different regions and institutions.
7 Kimonyo, J. P., Rwanda. Un génocide populaire. Paris: Karthala, 2008, p. 34
3
3. What types of weapons were used to kill the Tutsi who worked in the two former ministries under study: Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Planning with their affiliated
Agencies?
4. Who were the perpetrators of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi?
5. How has the current working environment in MINECOFIN impacted the lives of the
1994 Genocide survivors?
6. How does MINECOFIN collectively engage its staff in promoting the programs and
policies of national unity and reconciliation?
1.4. Research Objectives
The main objective of the present study was to document the history of the 1994 Genocide
against the Tutsi in the two former ministries - Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Planning
with their affiliated Agencies. The specific objectives included:
To safeguard the Genocide memory of all victims who worked in the two former ministries: Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Planning with their affiliated Agencies;
To preserve a collective Genocide memory in the country;
To analyze and understand the process of planning and executing the 1994 Genocide
against the Tutsi in the two former Ministries with their affiliated Agencies;
To enhance social cohesion among Rwandans and MINECOFIN staff;
To contribute to the healing process of the survivors within MINECOFIN and beyond;
To contribute to unity, reconciliation and peace-building processes among MINECOFIN
staff and other Rwandans.
1.5. Research Scope
The current Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN) acquired different
names in time with regard to its missions since independence in 1962 to date. During the 1994
Genocide against the Tutsi, there were two ministries - Ministry of Finance and Ministry of
Planning - which also operated some departments across the country. In the former Ministry
of Finance, there were departments like: the Directorate of Taxes, the Directorate of Customs,
the Directorate of Public Accounts and the Directorate of General Inspection of Finance. As
for the former Ministry of Planning, it provided statistical services across the country at pre-
4
fectural level. It was only the former Ministry of Planning that had one affiliated agency
called the Bureau National d’Etudes des Projets (BUNEP). It only operated at national level
and was headquartered in Kiyovu.
The present study’s temporal scope is restricted to particular periods when the ministries under study came into existence. In this regard, the above scope is from 1962 to 1994 and covers
the entire post-Genocide period, to date. However, the study focuses on particular historical
periods that were characterized by extreme violence in the country which also affected the
Tutsi employees working in those ministries. These periods included 1962-1964, 1972-1973.
The 1990-1994 period is included in order to understand the group social dynamics that prevailed between the so-called Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups under the regimes of President
Grégoire Kayibanda and President Juvénal Habyarimana.
Last but not least, the scope of the literature review covers the entire genesis of the history of
Genocide in Rwanda, that is to say, in the pre-colonial, colonial and post-independence
regimes. Briefly, the literature on truth-telling and healing, commemoration, unity and
reconciliation on Rwanda is analyzed to assess the status of transformation in comparison
with Rwanda’s divisive past.
1.6. Justification of the study
The present study on the history of 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in the two former ministries: Ministry of Planning and Ministry of Finance with their affiliated Agencies is deemed
pertinent due to its micro focus as opposed to the generic nature of previous studies. Therefore, this study does not only seek to contribute to this identified research gap but it also safeguards the national collective memory in remembering the Genocide against the Tutsi and enhances the spirit of unity and reconciliation in MINECOFIN.
At policy level, the research findings are deemed useful for various policy makers and stakeholders in the wake of fighting against the Genocide ideology and its denial as well as in
building sustainable peace in post-Genocide Rwanda. In this regard, the study is not merely
intent on coming up with definite solutions of preventing Genocide, but rather it seeks to provide a framework that guides, consolidates and upholds what has been achieved and perceived
by all Rwandans as a collective memory to respond to the country’s divisive past.
5
1.7. Study limitations
Although MINECOFIN - through MIFOTRA – granted permission to the researchers to access and review staff records/files in the Human Resource Department, it proved difficult to
identify or trace some files unless someone knew the specific staff employment numbers. This
is because the files in this ministry are classified according to how people are employed in all
government institutions but not according to the arrangement criterion of their former institutions. Thus, it was impossible to know the exact number of employees in the former Ministry
of Finance and Ministry of Planning with their affiliated agencies. Nonetheless, MIFOTRA is
in the process of digitalizing all the data in the Human Resource Department – notably from
1962 – thus, the files that were accessed by the researchers are those that were already digitalized – given the fact that the list of Genocide victims was available. By searching a given
name online, it was possible to know someone whose file has been digitalized.
In addition, there were 11 victims out of 106 whose personal profiles on how, when and
where they were killed was impossible to obtain. In addition, some files in the Human Resource Department with individual profiles were untraceable in MIFOTRA due to the aforementioned factors. It was observed that some former employees in the two ministries did not
have any leading clues to the victims. In addition, there were 15 Genocide victims whose details on how, when and where they were killed were not provided in their files in the
MIFOTRA Human Resource Department while some files provided scanty or minimal data.
1.8. Report Structure
The research report is composed of four chapters. Chapter one gives the general introduction
composed of the introduction, research gap, research objectives, research questions, scope,
study limitations, justification of the study and the methodological approach. Chapter two
gives a brief review of Rwanda’s history of the Genocide against the Tutsi from the colonial
period to the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi. In Chapter three the study findings are presented and analyzed while in Chapter four a summary of findings is made and conclusions and
recommendations are made.
6
CHAPTER TWO: METHODOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES AND METHODS
A rigorous research process was followed, guided by clear sets of operations (methods) in data collection and analysis. This section highlights the study approach, design and methods, as
well as the sources and tools of data collection. The study population and sample size including sampling procedures and categories of participants/respondents are highlighted. Finally,
the data is analyzed and interpreted and ethical considerations taken into account.
2. 1. Research Paradigm
This study embraces a positivist paradigm to explore attitudes, behaviors and values of employees who worked in two former ministries – Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Planning.
It seeks to understand why and how the employees in these ministries massacred their colleagues. The focus of this study is underpinned by historical, socio-political and socio-cultural
perspectives which influenced the activities in these ministries. The process and historical
context are instrumental in understanding the planning and execution of the Genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi.
By exploring the historical perspectives, the researchers seek to generate qualitative explanations of how Genocide was planned and executed in the ministries under study. This exploration was done through a series of structured and unstructured interviews, focus group discussions and a participatory observation of phenomena.
2. 2. Research Design and Methods
The research design adopted was qualitative since the problem under investigation is a sociopolitical and socio-historical one. Understanding such phenomena required generation indepth information that explains how Genocide was perpetrated in the two former ministries.8
In the process of data generation and analysis, an attempt was made to identify the causaleffect relationships in the historical and socio-political contexts in which the two ministries
operated. Hence, the causality theme was paramount in this research.
In addition structural explanations were relied upon to probe how the State functioned in the
former two ministries and elsewhere across the country. Again, the historical dimension is
Gerring, J., Social Science Methodology: Strategies for Social Inquiry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011, pp. 12-14
8
7
coupled with an interpretive method to explain the process of Genocide was planned and executed.
2.3. Data sources and tools of data collection
Data was collected from primary and secondary sources. Secondary data was collected from
existing research on Genocide, documentaries, magazines, newspapers and films whereas
primary data was from interviews, focus group discussions and participatory observations.
Individual interviews were carried out with knowledgeable respondents in order to maximize
the process of information gathering.
In social sciences, this method is called qualitative interviewing and was thus judged to be a
valuable research tool given that it offers the opportunity for interviewees to open up and provide confidential information. The advantage associated with this method is that the manner
in which way words are spoken may be more revealing than the words themselves. This technique is characterized by extensive probing and open-ended questions and is conducted on
one-by-one basis between the respondents and a highly skilled interviewer.9
Last but not least, the observation technique was also used in the data collection process, in
which case observations were continuously recorded by the researcher so as to not miss any
valuable information. Each data collector had a field diary where day-to-day observations
were recorded. The key approaches to observation included: structured, unstructured, noninteractive techniques, careful observation of activities, holding conversations and other forms
of communications with different respondents during the Genocide commemoration period
which took place on June 2, 2017.
2.4. Study Population and Sample Size
Population is a total set of individual elements of any given phenomena under study.10 Therefore, the study’s population was composed of employees in the former Ministry of Finance
and the former Ministry of Planning. The victims’ relatives were also part of the study popu-
9
Patton, M., Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. London: Sage, 1990, p. 59
Myers, J. L., & Well, A. D., Research design and Statistical analysis. London: Haper Collins Publishers,
p. 4, 1991.
10
8
lation. A sample is sub-set of the total population consisting of only a portion of all the elements in the population.11
In this regard, the sample size included survivors of the Genocide, the perpetrators, old case
refugee returnees, new case refugee returnees and bystanders. In determining the sample size
of this study, Krejcie and Morgan’s table was resorted to researchers to select the sample. The
following table indicates how the sample size was calculated by focusing on the confidence
level and interval.
Table 1: Krejcie and Morgan table method of choosing a sample size
Confidence level=95%
Population size
Margin of error (or confidence interval)=5%
100
80
500
217
1000
278
10,000
370
100,000
383
500,000
384
1,000,000
384
Source: Krejcie and Morgan (1979)
Using the above table method, the Genocide victims in the current Ministry of Finance and
Economic Planning (MINECOFIN) are 100, therefore the number of respondents that constituted our sample size was 80. Since the study also touched on the post-Genocide context, the
number of respondents increased to 115. In selecting the sample size, the margin of error or
confidence interval was 95% and the confidence level was 0.5%. Thus, the confidence intervals and levels helped to inform the researchers to determine the size of a sample size and
how to match the results with the entire population.
11
Myers & Well., Research design and Statistical analysis, p. 23.
9
2.5. Sampling Procedures
A combination of snowball and purposive sampling procedures was used in selecting the respondents. Purposive sampling was used to select respondents who lived and worked with the
victims. As for snowball sampling, it was used to identify unknown respondents through a
known chain of knowledgeable respondents by the researchers. The principle here was that
only the first respondent was identified and the latter managed to inform the researchers about
the chain of other respondents, given the information they possessed in the historical and analytical contexts.
The use of snowball sampling was privileged not least because the complexity of the information that emerged from them was more useful than their numbers. However, a possible
number of knowledgeable respondents were interviewed so as to get relevant data on how
Genocide was planned and executed in the two former ministries - Ministry of Finance and
Ministry of Planning with their affiliated agencies.
2.6. Categories of Participants/Respondents
Socio-demographic aspects were taken into consideration in order to identify the respondents.
The sample was representative and inclusive of these categories. In this regard, by embracing
purposive and snowball sampling procedures, selecting the respondents followed predetermined categories and characteristics such as the age, sex, level of education, the marital status. The following categories were included: Genocide survivors, former employees who were
not targeted, a few former Gacaca judges, and current employees in MINECOFIN. The following table indicates the number of respondents who participated in the present research:
Table 2: Categories of respondents
Category of respondents
Former Ministry of
Finance
Former Ministry of
Planning
Former employees working in government institutions
7
5
Unemployed former employees
8
5
Former employees working in civil
society
2
1
Former employees working in private sector
4
3
10
Category of respondents
Former Ministry of
Finance
Former Ministry of
Planning
Relatives of the Genocide victims
56
32
Current employees of MINECOFIN
13
Sub Total
90
Total Respondents
46
136
Source: Primary data, 2017
The above table indicates the categories of respondents who participated in this study. The
characteristics included the following variables: youth, men and women, less educated, elites,
government representatives and private sector representatives were taken into consideration.
Both rural and urban respondents made up our informants. Other categories that provided information included former Gacaca court judges and representatives of IBUKA. Although at
the inception of this study, such categories were not included, later the researchers found that
they could be potential respondents in one way or another.
2.7. Data Analysis and Interpretation
Primary data from interviews and observations was analyzed based on responses given by
each respondent. This required data coding of information from various categories. In fact,
data analysis from interviews and observations required some creativity to place the raw data
into logical, meaningful categories, and to examine them in a holistic manner and to find a
way to communicate this interpretation to other researchers. Primary information required
both narrative and discourse analysis. Being qualitative in nature, the study resorted to the use
of the hyper-soft software to analyse the data.
After processing the collected data, it was analyzed into coherent sets basing on responses
given by respondents. This was done immediately, especially after transcribing data from interviews as well as checking whether all the issues were recorded, devoid of omissions and
mistakes.
This is what de Vos calls “working with data, organizing it, breaking it into manageable units,
synthesizing it, discovering what is important and what is learned.”12 This is about sketching
12
As de Vos, Research at Grass Roots. 2nd edition. Pretoria: Van Schaik Publishers, 2002, p. 145
11
ideas, taking notes, summarizing field notes, getting feedback on ideas, working with words,
displaying data, identifying codes, reducing information, counting frequency of codes, relating categories to analytic framework in literature and redesigning the study in its proper setting.
Secondary data analysis was done by reviewing different sources of literature on the history
of Genocide and triangulating them with the primary data. Since the problem under study was
situated in the historical context, therefore, grasping its wider social and historical import required a detailed description of the social setting in which Genocide against the Tutsi was carried out in the two former ministries. The context also looked at the social relationships and
the time frame in which these relationships were forged – meaning that social relationships
between the Hutu and Tutsi employees in the said Ministries were analyzed comprehensively
through different periods that characterized Rwanda’s history of Genocide.
2.8. Research Ethics
Research ethics were also taken into consideration as part of the methodological approach.
Before every interview was administered, the interviewer first presented himself or herself to
the respondent(s): telling them their names, explaining the genesis of the research, its aim and
objectives, among others. Right after this introductory gesture, a research permit by
MINECOFIN was presented to the interviewee for ethical considerations and to give an official touch to the study.
The respondents were assured of their information’ confidentiality as required across all scientific standards. Scientific ethical principles were adhered to. They included: scientific merit,
equitable selection of respondents (equal number of categories of respondents), confidentiality, prior acquisition of consent by the respondents concerned (either written or verbal), avoidance of coercion and deception of respondents at all costs and ensuring that sustained involvement of participants was maintained till the end of the study.
12
CHAPTER THREE: A BRIEF REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON THE HISTORY OF
GENOCIDE IN RWANDA
This chapter discusses the general history of Genocide in Rwanda, beginning with the postindependence period. The section is deemed critical because for one to understand what took
place in the former Ministry of Finance, and the former Ministry of Planning with their affiliated agencies, one has to first understand a national historical context in which the ministries
identified were operating. Thus, it contextualizes the modus operandi in which these national
institutions operated.
3.1. First Republic: 1962-1973
The first republic is sometimes referred to as the “Hutu Republic” which was under President
the leadership of Grégoire Kayibanda; he came to power immediately when Rwanda gained
its independence. He became the leader of “Hutu elites” who, with the help of Belgian authorities and some Catholic missionaries, contributed to the so called Hutu Revolution which
started from 1959 to early 1962. The president and his allies were all members of the same
party known as PARMEHUTU. The latter spearheaded the “Hutu revolution” that killed hundreds and hundreds of innocent Tutsi and political Hutu opposed to PARMEHUTU. The same
party and same leadership style continued to persecute the Tutsi during the First Republic
(1962-1973). The Tutsi were dehumanized by being referred to as them snakes, cockroaches
and foreigners from Abyssinia, Ethiopia.13
The republic was based on the ideology of hate that sought to exterminate the Tutsi. The Tutsi
were regarded as foreigners or invaders whose verdict was known - to be killed.14 In a bid to
implement the hatred ideology against the Tutsi, they were massacred in 1959. Those who
were killed at that time were few compared to the high number which was exterminated in
1994.15 The Tutsi survivors of the pre- and post-independence period continued to be tortured,
excluded and denied all civil and political rights. Thus the number of refugees that fled the
country started growing by leaps and bounds, time after time. For example, by the turn of
1964, the number of Rwandan refugees had soared to 336,000 (see the breakdown below).
Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis, pp. 16-17.
Reference to false racial scholarship on Rwanda, Tutsi were traced to have came from Ethiopia.
15 Bizimana, J. D., Inzira ya Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda , Kigali: CNLG, 2014, pp.8-9.
13
14
13
Table 3: Categories of respondents
No
Country
No of refugees
1
Burundi
200,000
2
Uganda
78,000
3
Tanzania
36,000
4
Zaire
22,000
Total
336,000
Source: Prunier, 2001, p. 56
Bizimana argues that the refugees who remained in Rwanda were denied the rights to education, freedom and employment, just to mention but a few. In addition, the officials in the First
Republic grabbed land left behind by the refugees of 1959-1961 and distributed it among the
Hutu elites. President Kayibanda believed that the Hutu and Tutsi were not supposed to coexist; on the contrary, they were supposed to live in two separate republics.16 He even submitted a proposal to the UN and the Belgian government to establish Hutu and Tutsi territory in
Rwanda. The Tutsi territory would be composed of Bugesera, Kibungo and Buganza while
rest would be occupied by the Hutu.17
3.2. Rwanda: Under the Second Republic (1973-1994)
On July 5, 1973, Juvénal Habyarimana deposed President Kayibanda and his MDR- PARMEHUTU party in a military Coup. In 1975, a new ruling party MDR under the coup leader
came emerged with the same discriminatory policies against the Tutsi. The regime also practiced favoritism, nepotism and regionalism. The residents from the north were mostly favored
by the power that was. They also occupied and dominated high profile government posts, including the military and the police.18
Bizimana, Inzira ya Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi, p. 13.
Republic of Rwanda, Unity and Reconciliation Process in Rwanda: 20 Years After the 1994 Genocide
Perpetrated against Tutsi. Kigali: NURC, 2014, p. 33.
18 Melvern, L., Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwanda Genocide and the International Community. New
York: Verso Books, 2004, pp. 23-5.
16
17
14
From 1986 to 1990, Rwanda faced an economic crisis that shattered the regime. This was
caused by the fall in coffee prices and the gross mismanagement of the country’s resources by
the leaders in power. The financial scenario became characterized by fraud, corruption, abuse
of human rights and discrimination. The state was governed under a tight surveillance system
run by a one-party system. The Préfets (Mayors) and Bourgmestres were appointed by the
President of the Republic. The administrative leaders of the sectors and cells were appointed
by the Bourgmestres. Citizens did not participate in electing their leaders. Thus, the State became authoritarian in nature.19
Due to the discriminative policies and human rights violations against the Tutsi, the Rwandan
refugees who were in neighboring countries set up a political formation called the Rwanda
Alliance for National Unity (RANU). This was later transformed into the Rwandese Patriotic
Front (RPF) with the aim of returning back to their motherland through peaceful means and to
press for democratic change in Rwanda. However, this did not work out as planned and RPF
opted to use force. Consequently, a liberation war was launched on October 1, 1990.20
President Habyarimana’s regime responded by organizing more violence against innocent
people and started preparing Genocide against the Tutsi. It was a total apocalypse as the planners called it. Genocide was preached in meetings, the media and in civil society associations.
Even the Head of State took the lead in sensitizing citizens to kill the Tutsi. In his speech,
former President Juvénal Habyarimana, in MRND Congress held on April, 28 1991, had this
to say:
“The unity of ethnic groups is not possible without the unity of the majority. Just as we
note that no Tutsi recognizes regional belonging, it is imperative the Hutu majority forge
unity, so that they are able to wade off any attempt to return them into slavery.”
The Vice-President of the then ruling party MRND, Léon Mugesera, in CDR-MRND joint
Meeting at Kabaya-Gisenyi, on November, 22 1992, publicly said:
“What about those accomplices here who are sending their children to RPF […] we have
to take responsibility in our own hands […] the fatal mistake we made in 1959 was to let
them [Tutsi] get out […] they belong to Ethiopia and we are going to find them a shortDes Forges, Leave none to tell the story, p. 256
Adelmen, H., & Suhrke, A., The Rwanda Crisis from Uganda to Zaire: The Path of a Genocide . New
Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2000, p. 34
19
20
15
cut to get there by throwing them into the Nyabarongo River. We have to act. Wipe them
all out”21
Gregory Staton notes that these political incitements by top political leaders ignited civilians
to attack the Tutsi across the country though the intensity of the killings varied in different
parts of the country. He gives the following examples: in October 1990, Hutu militias killed
300 Tutsi civilians in Kibirira and again 500-1000 Tutsis were murdered in January 1991. In
March 1992, over 300 Tutsis were slaughtered in Bugesera and 70 Tutsi were massacred in
Kigali from 22-26 February 1994.22
These killings were totally brutal compared to those that happened in 1959-1963, 1972-1973.
Habyarimana’s regime intensified torture, violence and massacres against the Tutsi and other
political opponents during the liberation war. These human rights violations were Statecontrolled. Citizens were ordered to implement the State’s agenda of eliminating the Tutsi
from the Rwandan soil. Therefore, the common citizens had to obey the order in the name of
protecting the majority “Hutu interests” through the propagation of “Hutu” ideology. This culture of obedience was critical in the planning and execution of the 1994 Genocide perpetrated
against the Tutsi.23
The media became a channel of mobilizing the masses to attack, kill and exterminate the Tutsi. The prominent media outlets that taught the culture of violence were the Radio Télévision
Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM), the national radio (Radio Rwanda) and Kangura, among
others.24
The role of political parties in inciting the citizens to carry out violence acts against the Tutsi
was unquestionable. Though multi-partism was increasingly becoming visible from 1991,
many party members were ethnically charged. The ruling party - MRND - divided them by
creating Hutu extremist wings (MDR-Pawa, PL-Pawa, PSD-PAWA, etc.) and several youth
militias (MRND-Interahamwe, and CDR-Impuzamugambi). Finally, each party was composed of both extremists and moderates, though extremists outnumbered the latter.25
Melvern, Conspiracy to Murder, p. 47.
Stanton, G., “The Rwandan Genocide: Why Early Warning Failed ”, in Journal of African Conflicts
and Peace Studies, 1:1 (2009), 6-26.
23 Adelman, & Suhrke, The Rwanda Crisis from Uganda to Zaire, 179
24 Thompson, A., The Media and the Rwanda Genocide . London: Pluto Press, 2007, p. 26
25 Destexhe, Rwanda and Genocide, p. 67.
21
22
16
On 6 April 1994, the plane carrying the former President Juvenal Habyarimana which was
coming from Arusha to attend peace talks was shot down. The death of the president became
a trigger to openly start the Genocide against the Tutsi. In the hours that followed, the soldiers, police and citizens started manning roadblocks in Kigali targeting the Tutsis. The massacres later spread to others parts of the country.
Genocide was committed in the eyes of the international community, in the presence of United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) and the members of the international
community. In spite of various calls by different embassies in Rwanda and other reports to
halt the Tutsi massacres, UNAMIR peacekeepers stood idle without any intervention.26
France played a special role either in planning or executing the Genocide against the Tutsi.
The French troops not only trained the ex-FAR (former government soldiers) but they also
trained the Interahamwe militias who killed the Tutsi across the country. France again supplied weapons that were used in the Genocide. Other countries like China, Israel, Russia and
Egypt supplied weapons and other ammunitions to the former government that committed the
1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.27
Since the Arusha Peace Accord signed in August 1993 did not meet its expectations, RPF was
obliged to fight the interim government that was killing the Tutsi. The Genocide was stopped
on July 4, 1994 after the defeat of the genocidal forces and militias.
3.3. Effects of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi
The 1994 Genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi left the country devastated, with a society
whose social fabric had been completely destroyed. Despite the loss of over one million Tutsis and some moderate Hutu, the country faced the problem of orphans, widows, destitute and
maimed men, women and children were left at large to fend for themselves without any psycho-social care.28
The physical and social infrastructure was destroyed and rebuilding it requited starting from
the scratch though this reconstruction has proved to be progressively impressive. The perpetrators used rape as a weapon to exterminate the Tutsi, alongside deliberate strategies to infect
26
Mukamana, D., & Brysiewicz, P., “The lived experience of Genocide rape survivors in Rwanda” . In
Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 40 (4), 2008, 379-384.
27 Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis, pp.167-80.
Clark, P., “Bringing the Peasants Back in Again: State Power and Local Agency in Rwanda's Gacaca
courts”, Journal of Eastern African Studies, 8:2, (2014): 193-213.
28
17
the Tutsi with HIV/AIDS; thus, the surviving victims were left wanting both physically and
morally.29
There is no doubt that the Genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi led to heavy losses of human
capital, not only for Rwanda but also in the context of regional integration and the African
continent at large. Therefore, the destruction of this social infrastructure rolled the country
back for several years and decades in terms of development.30
These destructive effects will continue to be felt by both the current or future generations to
come in Rwanda and even beyond.31
3.4. Post-Genocide Rwanda: Transforming the Divisive Past
From July 1994 to 1999, the Government of National Unity was still undergoing emergency
and reconstruction programs with support from various UN agencies and other International
Non-Governmental Organizations. To transform the divisive past, the government of Rwanda
established governance structures based on people’s participation and inclusiveness and particularly in relation to development at the grassroots level. The government’s view was that
this approach would lead to peace building, State building, unity and reconciliation. The assumption was that “good governance and poverty reduction would help prevent future widespread violence”.32
In the context of rebuilding good social relationships and fostering national unity and reconciliation in 1999, the government established the National Unity and Reconciliation Commission (NURC) to ensure that reconciliation would be mainstreamed throughout government
institutions, civil society and the private sector. Indeed, the Poverty Reduction Strategic Paper
(PRSP) and the Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS I and II)
were bent on unity and reconciliation, among other things, as the government priorities.
On the other hand, home-grown initiatives were brought on board. They won the hearts of
many Rwandans in solving their socio-economic, socio-political and socio-cultural problems
emanating from their divisive past. Through these initiatives, for example, the government reestablished a program called ubudehe mandated to build social capital right from the grassClark, Bringing the Peasants Back in Again, op. cit.
Clark, Bringing the Peasants Back in Again, op. cit.
31 Melvern, Conspiracy to Murder, 80
32 See Republic of Rwanda, Rwanda’s Vision 2020. Kigali: MINECOFIN, pp. 1-2.
29
30
18
roots. It also empowered citizens through participation in local development initiatives and
poverty reduction at the lowest administrative levels. Programs like Itorero33, Ndi Umunyarwanda and Gacaca have taken the lead in transforming Rwanda’s divisive past. These programs have yielded positive results.
To address the legacy of armed conflict, the government set up the Rwanda Demobilization
and Reintegration Commission (RDRC) to transform the lives of ex-combatants, former rebels and government armies. The aim was to reinvent the social, economic and political structures towards achieving a positive and sustainable future and moving away from the destructive past.34 This integrative approach led to constructive social change for all Rwandans despite some of them having been involved either in the liberation struggle or even committing
Genocide!
The government does prioritize zero-tolerance on corruption, good governance and leadership, justice, gender promotion, improving public infrastructure and service delivery as crucial to Rwanda’s achievements. The majority of these endeavors are mainstreamed in all government policies and programs in order to achieve inclusive participation and development.
The close cooperation of the government with the private sector, civil society and partners in
the international community has helped in achieving the country’s sustainable future.35
Nonetheless, some challenges down the road have been noted in the process of transforming
the country’s past. Scholars like Phil Clark and Rutembesa cite the Genocide ideology and
denial, resistance to mindset change and ignorance as big constraints that still hamper quick
transformation of the Rwandan society.36 Resistance to reconciliation by genocidal forces is to
some extent identified as a challenge towards building sustainable peace.37
See NURC, Itorero ry’igihugu—Policy note and strategic plan: Making national and community service work in Rwanda. Kigali: NURC, May 2009, p. 1
34 Republic of Rwanda, Unity and Reconciliation process in Rwanda , pp. 50-70.
33
Ibid., 50-70
Clark, P., “Bringing the Peasants Back in Again: State Power and Local Agency in Rwanda's Gacaca
courts”, Journal of Eastern African Studies, 8:2, (2014): 193-213 & Rutembesa, Genocide in Mugina
35
36
Commune, op.cit.
Zorbas, E., “What Does Reconciliation After Genocide Mean” Public Transcripts and Hidden Transcripts in Post Genocide Rwanda”. Journal of Genocide Research, 11:1, (2009): 127-147.
37
19
CHAPTER FOUR: HISTORY OF THE 1994 GENOCIDE IN THE FORMER
MINISTRY OF FINANCE AND MINISTRY OF PLANNING
4.1. Structure of the former Ministry of Finance (MINIFIN), Ministry of Planning
(MINIPLAN) with their affiliated agencies prior to 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi
This sub-section highlights the two former ministries and their affiliated agencies’ location,
their origin and duties, their managerial structure and nature of employees before and during
the Liberation War, that is to say, between October 1, 1990 and July 14, 1994.
4.1.1. Location of the Two Former Ministries and their Affiliated Agencies
This sub-section highlights the locations of the two former ministries and their affiliated
agencies.
4.1.1.1. Location of former ministries
The former Ministry of Finance operated at the current MINECOFIN headquarters which is
located in the heart of Kigali City where most of Rwanda’s business activities are conducted;
it is found in Nyarugenge Sector, Nyarugenge District.
The former Ministry of Planning was also located down-town in the heart of Kigali City. It
was headquartered at the current building that hosts the National Institute of Statistics of
Rwanda (NISR).
4.1.1.2. Location of the former affiliated agencies
MINIFIN had two projects, namely: the Tax Restructuring and Reform Project and the Public
Enterprises Restructuring Project. They both operated within the ministry. MINIPLAN only
had two affiliated agencies that were semi-autonomous in nature, called the Bureau National
d’Etudes des Projets (BUNEP) and Programme National d’Action Sociale (PINAS).
BUNEP’s office was in Kiyovu while PINAS operated within the former MINIPLAN headquarters.
4.1.2. MINECOFIN’s origin and responsibilities
The first Ministry of Finance was established on 26 October 1960 and planning was within
the Ministry of Economic Affairs. On 26 October, 1961, the two ministries were merged to
become the Ministry of Finance, Economy and Planning. After attaining independence in
20
1962, Rwanda’s First Republic under President Grégoire Kayibanda created the Ministry of
Finance and the Ministry of Economy on 26 October, 1963. The latter was in charge of planning. On 18 May, 1962, the above ministry was divided into two - Ministry of Finance and
Economic Affairs and Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Planning. On 6 January, 1964 the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs was changed into the Ministry of Finance and External
Trade while the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Planning was renamed as the Ministry of
Planning and International Cooperation.
On 12 June, 1968 the Ministry of Finance and External Trade changed its name again to become the Ministry of Finance, Planning and International Cooperation. When General Juvénal Habyarimana came to power on 5 July, 1973 the above ministry changed its name again to
become the Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry.The above ministry was responsible
for State finances. It was also charged with promoting commerce and trade, managing mining
activities, as well as promoting industry.
In the process of forming the first government under Habyarima’s regime on 1 August, 1973,
what used to be the Ministry of Finance under Kayibanda’s regime became the Ministry of
Finance and Economy. As for the Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation, it assumed the name of Ministry of Planning and Natural Resources. On 11 June, 1975, the Ministry of Planning and Natural Resources changed its name and became the Ministry of Planning.
However, the Ministry of Finance and Economy retained its name until 8 January, 1979.
Hitherto up to the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi, the Ministry of Finance was separate from
the Ministry of Planning.
Its functions were to manage State finances, promote a stable macro-economic environment,
mobilize internal and external resources, etc. On 8 January 1979, it was renamed Ministry of
Finance until the end of the 1994 Genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi. Generally, the two
institutions were responsible for managing state finances, maintaining a stable macroeconomic environment, managing State resources and conducting economic planning for the
country, among other things.
Rwanda’s current Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN) was established in March 1997. This ministry was created by merging the former Ministry of Finance
and the Ministry of Planning to coordinate and improve the intertwined functions of finance
and planning. MINECOFIN’s mission is “to raise sustainable growth, economic opportuni21
ties, and the living standards of all Rwandans” while its vision is “to develop Rwanda into a
country free of poverty”.38 The ministry’s responsibilities are to:
Maintain a stable macroeconomic environment with low inflation, moderate budget
deficits, and sustainable public debt;
Foster greater evidence-based planning and performance-based budgeting;
Mobilize internal and external resources (i.e., tax, social security contributions,
grants, loans, etc.);
Achieve the highest international standards in Public Finance Management (PFM) in
order to ensure an accountable use of resources;
Improve the delivery of public services and accountability through effective financial
and fiscal decentralization;
Contribute to increasing the productivity of the economy, employment opportunities,
the investment climate, and the quality of public investments;
Contribute to increasing living standards of the population and human development
within a sustainable environment;
Promote a dynamic, efficient and stable financial market accessible to all segments of
the population;
Contribute to promoting a fair and flexible labor market that rewards entrepreneurship and risk-taking behaviors for economic development;
Ensure an efficient and equitable tax and benefit system with incentives to work, save
and invest in the development of the country;
Contribute to fostering deep regional integration through openness to change as well
as mobility of goods.39
The above responsibilities are critical in the transformative process of Rwanda’s economy.
During the ministerial re-structuring of February 1999, MINECOFIN took over the function
of development cooperation from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The merging of these two
ministries came into existence to improve service delivery but most importantly to coordinate
the functions of finance and planning that go hand in hand.40
http://www.minecofin.gov.rw/index.php?id=37 – accessed on August 17, 2017.
Ibid. accessed on August 17, 2017.
40 Ibid. accessed on August 17, 2017.
38
39
22
4.1.3. Former Ministries Managerial Structure
This sub-section shows the structure of the two former ministries and their affiliated agencies,
respectively.
4.1.3.1. Ministry of Finance (MINIFIN)
The Ministry was headed by the Minister, below him/her was the Secretary General and under
him/her there was the Chief of Staff (Directeur de Cabinet) who was in charge of day-to-day
activities of the different departments. The general management was composed of different
departments, namely: tax, customs, general finance inspection, general inspection of the
budget and treasury. Under general management, there were different departments headed by
department managers and below there were different divisions headed by division managers,
alongside different office managers.
The tax and customs departments operated in different locations in Kigali but not at the Ministry headquarters. The tax department operated at Muhima near the former “Imprimerie Nationale” whereas the customs department was headquartered at Gikondo. As well, the ministry was composed of directorates and departments that operated across the country at prefectural level. Such directorates and departments were: the Directorate of Taxes, the Directorate
of Customs, the Directorate of Public Accounts and the Directorate of General Inspection of
Finance.
The ministry was headed by a Minister who oversaw all operations, under the support of Secretary General and implemented by various head of divisions. In 1992, what used to be the
general management directorates became fully-fledged directorates to improve efficiency of
the former ministry. The following was the ministry’s structure from 1992 until the 1994
Genocide against the Tutsi:
23
Figure 1: Structure of the former Ministry of Finance
Minister
Secretary General
Chief of Staff (Directeur
de Cabinet)
Tax department
Budget department
Prefectural desks
Public accounts
Office managers
Treasury department
Customs department
Prefectural
desks
Department
workers
Source: Primary data, 2017
With reference to the above figure, the Ministry was headed by the Minister and supported by
a technician who was referred to as the Secretary General. This employee was charged with
overseeing the implementation of all activities at national level. Importantly, the Minister,
Secretary General and heads of divisions were aligned to MRND political party. The same
applied to the former Ministry of Planning.
By the tome the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi broke out, the leadership team was as follows: the tax department was headed by Hagumagutuma Anastase from the former Gisenyi
Prefecture, the customs department was headed by Basomingera Alberto who originated from
Gitarama Prefecture, the treasury department was headed by Uwibanze Syvestre, the budget
department headed by Nkiriyehe Meranne while the finance inspection was headed by Mukabideri Thèresse who originated from Kibuye Prefecture.
MINIFIN had two projects: the Tax and Customs Reform Project and the Public and Private
Enterprises Restructuring Project.
24
4.1.3.1.1. Tax and customs Reform Project
The project started its business in late 1990 without any formal structure. It was just composed of eight Rwandan nationals and three experts. The three experts included two French
nationals and one Senegalese who were appointed by the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
to assist the former government with economic structural adjustments of the country. No Tutsi
staff was included in the entire project team. It operated at the ministry headquarters. In the
initial project establishment, it was headed by Ndahimana Théoneste who was the chairperson
of CDR within the ministry. He was replaced by Hagumagutuma Anastase in 1992.
The project aimed at the restructuring, reforming and building capacity of the tax and customs
departments in order to increase State revenue that was on the decline. The fiscal imbalances
were a result of decreasing coffee prices and high loans that the State had acquired from IMF
and World Bank. These loans were not demand-driven for, even the private sector was too
weak to perform well on its own.
4.1.3.1.2. Public and Private Enterprises Restructuring Project
The project was launched in 1991 with the aim of restructuring public enterprises that operated across the entire country. It also had no formal structure in which it operated and was composed of six Rwandan nationals and one French national who was an expert. No Tutsi staff
was employed in this project. It was responsible for structuring public and private enterprises
so as to increase State revenues.
4.1.3.2. Ministry of Planning (MINIPLAN)
This ministry had different departments; it handled statistical services which were provided
across the country, notably at Prefecture level. It was made up of three major divisions, namely: national planning, macro policy unit and statistics. The department of statistics operated at
national and prefectural levels. The ministry operated in the current building that hosts NISR.
The following was its structure:
25
Figure 2: Structure of former Ministry of Planning
Minister
Secretary General
Chief of Staff (Directeur
de Cabinet)
National planning
Macro policy
unit
Statistics
Office managers
Department
workers
Prefectural desks
Source: Primary data, 2017
According to the above figure, the Ministry was headed by a minister who was supported by a
Secretary General who oversaw the implementation of the institution’s activities. Under the
Secretary General, there existed a post called Directeur de Cabinet which was largely a political post and the occupant was responsible for all activities and staff in general.
MINIPLAN had two affiliated agencies, namely: BUNEP and PINAS.
4.1.3.2.1. Bureau National d’Etudes des Projets (BUNEP)
The project was established on 5 September 1978 and had its headquarters in Kiyovu. Its role
was to study all national projects that were beneficial to the nation’s development. It directly
reported to the Minister of Planning on a monthly basis and was headed by the Director General and their deputies. It had four departments, namely: Finance, Human resource and Administration, Construction, and Topography, as shown in the following figure:
26
Figure 3: BUNEP Structure
Director General
Deputy Director General
Finance Department
Human Resource
and Administration
Construction
Board: Composed of MINIPLAN, MINIFIN
and Presidential
staff
Topography
Source: Primary data, 2017
The project’s Director General and his Deputy were directly appointed by the Minister of
Planning and approved by the board which was composed of MINIPLAN, MINIFIN and the
Presidential staff. Upon appointment, they could serve for five years, with the possibility of
renewing their contracts once they could be dismissed in case they acted contrary to the expectations, rules and regulations that governed the project.
The project was also managed on the basis of ethnicity and regional inclinations, where the
former outweighed the later. For example, by 1 October 1990, out of sixty employees of the
project, only five were Tutsi. In terms of regional considerations, people from the former
Gisenyi and Ruhengeri region were favoured in terms of employment and promotions.
4.1.3.2.2. Programme National d’Action Sociale (PINAS)
The program was launched in the 1980s by the former Ministry of Planning. It was responsible for promoting the welfare of the citizens through socio-economic welfare programs. The
citizens participated in implementing different projects, earning revenue from PINAS by
providing manpower. Its structure was as follows:
27
Figure 4: PINAS Structure
Director General
BOARD
Deputy Director General
Water department
Education department
Finance and
Administration
MEMBERS
Human Resource
Central Secretariat
Source: Primary data, 2017
The project was managed by the Director General as the overall supervisor and he/she had a
deputy. It had four departments, namely: water, education, finance and administration and the
human resource department. These departments were headed by different people who reported directly to the Director General, who in turn reported to the Minister of Planning.
4.1.4. MINIFIN and MINIPLAN staff before October 1, 1990
It was difficult to know the exact number of employees that the former ministries and their
affiliated agencies had by October 1, 1990. This was due to two major challenges encountered
during the study: firstly, the MINECOFIN human resources department does not have files of
former employees in the Ministry archives, and secondly the classification system of these
files in MIFOTRA is such that no file can be traced without knowing the staff’s employment
number. This is because the files of former employees are classified according to how the latter were employed and not according to the criterion of their former institution.
Nonetheless, the researchers managed to trace at least two former employees in each former
department who exactly knew the number of former employees in their respective departments/projects. Those who could not remember the exact number of the former staff made
some estimates that were fruitful. In this regard, the researcher took the figure that most interviewees seemed to agree upon, as per the following table:
28
Table 4: Institutional staff before 1st October 1990
Former Institution Number of Hutu Number of Tutsi Foreigners
/Agency
employees
employees
Total
MINIFIN
Ministry
Affiliated projects
350
-
90
-
0
-
440
-
Total
350
90
-
440
35
5
40
0
0
0
187
60
247
MINIPLAN
Ministry
BUNEP
Total
152
55
207
Source: Primary data, 2017
The table highlights an estimated number of employees in the former Ministry of Finance,
Ministry of Planning and their affiliated agencies. It is important to stress that the number of
employees in the former BUNEP is real because all interviewees shared the same number
while in the case of ministries they had differing ranges of employee numbers. There were
more Hutu employees compared to Tutsi employees in the two former ministries with their
affiliated agencies. Again here, the majority of employees in MINIFIN originated from the
former Gisenyi and Ruhengeri Prefectures.
The findings also indicated that, by 1994, MINIPLAN had one affiliated project (BUNEP)
which was headed by a Tutsi (Mbaguta Jean-Marie-Vianney) who was killed during the Genocide against the Tutsi. The project had sixty employees in total: 55 of whom were Hutu
while 5 were Tutsi. In both MINIPLAN and BUNEP, the majority of the staff employed were
from former Gisenyi and Ruhengeri Prefectures.
4.1.5. MINIFIN and MINIPLAN staff between 1st October 1990 and 7th April 1994
As argued in the above section, the two ministries with their affiliated agencies found it difficult to trace their employees between October 1, 1990 and April 7, 1994 due to the aforementioned reasons. Comparing the institutional employees before October 1, 1990 and between
October 1, 1990 and April 7, 1994, the number of employees reduced in the latter period.
There are two major explanations for this development. First, this was because some Tutsi
employees who were suspected to be having links or financing RPF/A were expelled while
29
others were imprisoned and died of torture. In effect, some moderate Hutu employees were
also suspended so that their salaries could finance the training of Interahamwe militias and
buying of arms and ammunitions. The following table shows the figures of former institutional employees between October 1, 1990 and April 7, 1994:
Table 5: Institutional staff between October 1, 1990 and April 7, 1994
Former Institution/Agency
Number of Tutsi employees
Foreigners
Total
MINIFIN
300
8
87
0
0
3
387
11
Public and Private Enterprises Restructuring Project
6
0
1
7
Total
314
MINIPLAN
152
55
35
242
87
4
405
27
0
0
27
0
0
3
3
179
55
38
272
Ministry
Tax and customs Reform
Project
Ministry
BUNEP
PINAS
Total
Number of Hutu
employees
Source: Primary data, 2017
The above table shows ministerial employees as well as those in affiliated agencies between
October 1, 1990 and April 7, 1994. In the same regard prior to October 1, 1990, the number of
Hutu employees outweighed that of the Tutsi who were employed in the two former ministries with their affiliated agencies. The majority of the Hutu employees were from the former
ministries and their affiliated agencies and the majority were Hutus who hailed from the former Gisenyi and Ruhengeri Prefectures. In BUNEP, when the October 1, 1990 RPF attack
was launched, all the five Tutsi employees stopped working in BUNEP and were transferred
to the affiliated Ministry of Planning. Whereas, two of these agreed to the transfer, the other
three refused and sought employment elsewhere. Those who agreed were Muteteri Denise and
Nyagatare Antoine.
30
4.2. Socio-ethnic relationships between employees in the former Ministry of Finance and
Ministry of Planning with their affiliated agencies before October 1, 1990
This section examines the employees’ social relationships before October 1, 1990 and during
the Liberation struggle. It explains how the Tutsi employees faced hatred, discrimination and
segregation and dehumanization acts within the two former ministries with their affiliated
agencies.
4.2.1. Working environment from October 26, 1961 to July 4, 1973 – A typical genesis of
hatred and segregation experienced by Tutsi employees
The former Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Planning were basically established on 26
October 1960, had undergone different nomenclature, roles and attributions.The relationships
between the Hutu and Tutsi employees were characterized by ethnic division and exclusion,
eventually leading to violence directed to Tutsi employees in. The genesis of the racial divide
emanated from the ‘Hutu Revolution’ of 1959 whose root causes can be traced from the Belgian colonial rule. The ethnic divide was institutionalized in all State and private institutions
up to the 1962 independence.
Consequently, the establishment of the former Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Planning in 1961 institutionalized ethnicity and hatred against Tutsi as well as nepotism based on
regions; this was not only restricted to the above institutions but was extended to all the former State and private institutions. The institutionalization of ethnic differences was a national
agenda to suppress the Tutsi, which is why the two former ministries and agencies were no
exception.
In this regard, this political state of affairs characterized the working environment in the
above institutions. The socio-ethnic relations between the Hutu and Tutsi employees were polarized on ethnic and regional grounds, promoted by the ministers in the former governments’
hate ideology. Indeed, employment and appointment of institutional officials and employees
was strategically based on an ethnic and regional divide. The discrimination of Tutsi employees was legitimized in no uncertain terms across the former ministries and their affiliated
agencies.
Historically, especially, the work ethics in the above named institutions during the First Republic were based on the racist ideology of MDR- PARMEHUTU, the ruling party at that
time. The then political structure and environment hand-twisted the Tutsi in all spheres of life,
31
including those who were employed in the Ministries under study. IGFIN who worked within
the customs department of the former MINIFIN asserted that “discrimination against the Tutsi employees was not an act of its own; it was policy that was practiced in all state and private institutions”.41 JN who worked in the Statistics department added that:
“There was segregation and discrimination of employees based on ethnicity as well as
regional based nepotism […] people from the former Gisenyi and Ruhengeri were basically favored […] but when it came to the Tutsi employees, the ethnic consideration was
strong”.42
It was not by accident that the Tutsi employees discriminated against. On the contrary, the
discrimination was systematically designed by the State through a political agenda that was
nurtured in various spheres. Meanwhile, the relatives of Tutsi employees and some other employees were subjected to killings, particularly in 1961, 1963, 1965 and 1973 due to the hatred against them. The discrimination and hatred acts against the Tutsi employees were not
only practiced at the workplace; they were extended to their respective areas of residence and
homes. This is because the hate ideology and discrimination against the Tutsi fell within a
broader national political agenda aimed at eliminating all the Tutsi from Rwandan soil. A
former BUNEP employee stated that:
“Tutsis were targeted everywhere; we were discriminated against either at the workplace
or in our different places of residence […] in fact, there was no safe zone for the Tutsi
whether educated or not, employed or not […] this is how it was across the country”.43
Hatred against the Tutsi was promoted by the educated and elite as a component of MDRParmehutu’s political ideology. Thus, radicalization of Hutu employees in the former ministries was basically used as a channel through which the State planned to target the Tutsi employees. It became part of the working culture. XMCM recalled that “every Friday in the afternoon, they had to be reminded of the MRND ideology which was ethnically charged with
the intention of promoting ‘hutuism’.44 A former employee in the Statistics department summarized the radicalization of the masses against the Tutsi in this way: “If radicalizing the il-
Interview with IGFIN in MINECOFIN, September 29, 2017.
Interview with JN at NISR headquarters, October 5, 2017.
43 Interview with DMBU at MINECOFIN, September 29, 2017.
44 Interview with XMCM at Kimihurura, September 27, 2017.
41
42
32
literate was done through convening meetings in their respective areas, then radicalizing the
educated was automatically done at their respective work premises […] 45
This institutionalized radicalization was meant to legitimize systematic oppression of Tutsi
employees by their fellow Hutu employees. Another victim argued that:
“Meetings were held at work premises and sometimes the Tutsi were deliberately not informed […] because in such circumstances those meetings aimed at harming them […]
right after [the] end of [such] meetings, we could be abused and sometimes our chairs
forcefully taken from us”. 46
This was masterminded by the ministers and other Hutu political intelligentsia that governed
the State. Anti-Tutsi sentiments were rampant in the two ministries under study and were
driven by the Hutu hatred that had its roots in the 1959 crisis and was carried on across the
Second Republic.
4.2.2. Working environment from July 5, 1973 to October 1, 1990
This following section provides details of the socio-ethnic relationships between the Hutu and
Tutsi employees in the institutions under study from July 5, 1974 to October 1, 1990. Similarly, during the Second Republic, the hatred, discrimination and dehumanization directed towards the Tutsi within the former two ministries and their affiliated agencies were noticeable.
Unemployment of the Tutsi was also noticeable in many institutions. DMBU asserted that
“segregation and discrimination against the Tutsi employees was high and it was reflected in
terms of their underemployment, abuse and the used of dehumanizing language against the
Tutsi, physical assaults, etc.47 This practice polarized the employees in these ministries along
ethnic lines.
The working environment and experience described above persisted until the RPF-Inkotanyi
attacked on October 1, 1990. The Tutsi employees had no option but to agree to cope with the
above historical reality. XMCM argued that “It was common practice for Tutsi employees to
live under suspicion and persecution by the majority or some Hutu employees who perceived
their Tutsi colleagues as ‘second class citizens”.48 A victim who was subjected to the above
Interview with DMBU at MINECOFIN, September 29, 2017.
Interview with GMCH at downtown, November 6, 2017.
47 Interview with DMBU at MINECOFIN, Ibid.
48 Interview with XMCM at Kimihurura, Ibid.
45
46
33
practice revealed that “there was no way we could trust one another because we were perceived as enemies of the State”. 49 On many occasions, all Tutsi employees were referred to
as “cockroaches” or “snakes” by their Hutu colleagues. They were regarded as ‘second-class
citizens’ or ‘non-indigenous’ to say the least.
Given the high levels of suspicion in which the aforementioned Ministries worked in, social
relationships between the Hutu and Tutsi employees was at stake. The ministry leadership
overtly condoned social exclusion of the Tutsi because the State lacked a ‘social contract’ that
could bind all the Rwandans together.
The interviewees argued that during Habyarimana’s regime, the Tutsi employees in the two
ministries increased compared to Kayibanda’s regime although this increase was strictly controlled by the institutionalized ‘quota system’. The Hutu employees resented Tutsis on daily
basis yet no Minister or Ministry official was concerned with addressing this resentment. One
respondent who used to work in the former Ministry of Finance affirmed that “the hatred
against the Tutsi was a systematic State agenda; therefore, no ministry official could reverse
with it”.50 A former director of Macro policy unit in the former Ministry of Planning explained the relationship between the resentment and the hate ideology:
“Resentment against Tutsi employees was a State-inspired policy that had to be implemented either directly or indirectly by the Hutu employees who were characterized by extreme hate ideology”.51
Accordingly, the“Tutsi employees were depicted as racial arch-enemies of the Hutu”. 52 The
working and political environment created despair and fear amongst the Tutsi employees and
their families. Without doubt, therefore, this constituted a dangerous prelude to the Genocide
against the Tutsi because it was experienced by every Tutsi across the entire country.
4.2.3. Inhuman treatment against Tutsi employees before 1st October 1990
Before October 1, 1990, there were no physical inhumane acts against Tutsi employees at institutional level. On the contrary, psychological acts of inhumanity were prevalent. This was
witnessed in the form of dehumanization across the country. The Tutsi were labeled as ‘cock-
Interview with RU at RRA, September 18, 2017.
Interview with ANINTERN at MINECOFIN, November 11, 2017.
51 Interview with GDA17 at Nyarugenge district, September 17, 2017.
52 Interview with VNH at NISR, September 17, 2017.
49
50
34
roaches’, ‘snakes’ or ‘enemies’ or ‘traitors’ of the country.53 This was done during the MDRPARMEHUTU regime and during Habyarimana’s government which were driven by ethnic
and regional considerations.
It is important to note that before the Liberation struggle, regionalism and ethnicity were the
two major issues practiced not only in the two former ministries but across the country.
Whereas regionalism mostly favored the Hutu from Northern Rwanda, the Hutu employees
from other regions resented this type of discrimination. As for the ethnic divide, it was exclusively directed against the Tutsi. Nonetheless, Tutsi segregation and discrimination based on
ethnic identity outweighed any other institutional activities in the ministries under study.
In addition, some Tutsi employees were severely underemployed. In addition, those with the
same level of education as Hutu employees were denied promotion. This kind of discrimination was inhumane because, according to existing racist theories, it is linked to ethnic identity.
4.3. Tutsi employees’ welfare during the Liberation War (1990 – 1994)
The situation of socio-ethnic relations between the Hutu and Tutsi employees deteriorated
during the Liberation War, i.e. from October 1, 1990 to July 15, 1994. It encompasses different types of suffering endured by the Tutsi employees, it is important to note that during the
Liberation struggle, violence intensified in the ministries.
4.3.1. Social relationships among Ministries’ employees between October 1, 1990 and
April 6, 1994
Due to the institutionalization of ethnicity in the two ministries, socio-ethnic tension became
apparent, severe and unbearable to the Tutsi employees, especially during the Liberation
struggle. At the outset of the war, all Tutsi employees were immediately targeted as they were
accused of being accomplices of RPF or enemies of the State. Violence against the Tutsi employees became increasingly unbearable and disgusting. Hatred and discord exacerbated and
was also extended to some Hutu employees who never supported ethnic divisions.
As a result, the Hutu employees started forming small groups based on the political differences and ideologies. This became manifest during the restoration of multipartism in 1992.54
Political party membership within the two ministries was either aligned to extremism or mod53
54
Interview with DMBU at MINECOFIN, September 29, 2017.
Interview with MRCHIC, downtown, December 29, 2019.
35
erate political thoughts. Those who were characterized by extremism subscribed to hatred and
violence against the Tutsi employees.55
The extremists employed political strategies of violence and insecurity against the Tutsi employees. One of the strategies used was carrying out arbitrary arrests of the Tutsi employees.
One of the respondents, MRCHIC, asserted that “some Tutsi employees were imprisoned and
severely tortured to the extent that two of them died of torture instantly”. 56 The wave of repressions against Tutsi employees was organized and overseen by the leadership in the ministries. Hutu extremists in the ministry recruited non-ministry staff to fan violence on a collective basis.57
Another strategy used was to deny Tutsi employees access to their offices. One of the victims
recalled that “sometimes they could be denied entry to their offices”.58 This was accompanied
by hostile verbal insults in which they were reminded that their Tutsi brothers (RPFInkotanyi) wanted to take over the country. The dynamics that led to massive violence against
Tutsi employees were intrinsically aligned to the Genocide preparation that was being
planned by the State. This is what the above same victim said:
“Some Hutu who listened to RTLM Radio were the most dangerous because after listening to it, they could sometimes unleash verbal attacks to Tutsi employees and this was
later accompanied by physical violence”.59
Generally, the conflict between RPF and the then government intensified from 1991 to 1994.
This prompted the government to massacre some Tutsi in some parts of the country in Kibilira
and Bugesera. The hate discourse witnessed was witnessed in all state institutions, including
the two former ministries as well as in civil societies and the private sector. Thus, oppression,
discrimination, hatred and dehumanization against Tutsi employees became the order of the
day.
The hate ideology stated taking a new overt institutional turn alongside the Genocide ideology
both of which legitimized violence against the Tutsi in both ministries. One former employee
in the Customs department had this to say:
Interview with XMCM at Kimihurura, Ibid.
Interview with MRCHIC, Ibid.
57 Ibid
58 Interview with DMBU at MINECOFIN, September 29, 2017.
59 Ibid
55
56
36
“When we witnessed how some Tutsi employees were unlawfully imprisoned, we suspected that something bad was cooking […] in most cases, one could find Hutu employees in group media reviews, especially in Kangura and RTLM radio and this also increased hatred against Tutsi employees”. 60
During the 23rd annual commemoration event, one of the victims narrated her ordeal: “It was
a traumatic experience. We had no right to education, health or other rights simply because
of our ethnic background,”61 The state of unrest experienced by Tutsi employees created a
permanent state of fear among Tutsi employees. This persecution was described by a former
ministerial employee: “Abusive verbal attacks based on ethnicity were truly scaring to every
Tutsi employee […] imagine experiencing such attacks both at work and home premises”.62
Throughout the two former ministries, Tutsi employees were targeted both at work and in
their residences. From 1992 to April 6, 1994, some cliques of Hutu extremists aligned to CDR
and MRND were formed to enhance radicalization of fellow Hutu employees. This took place
after political parties were allowed to operate in 1992.
The Tutsi employees were also referred to as ‘the enemy within’ which term was used to justify hatred, discrimination and the justification to exterminate the Tutsi in general. Consequently, Hutu formed gangs within these ministries which unleashed violence and terrorized
the Tutsi with radical rhetoric that assimilated ‘all Tutsi to be enemies of the country’ either
within or outside the two ministries. This was translated into an act of treason, thus justifying
“some Tutsi employees to be imprisoned and tortured”.63
4.3.2. Acts of torture against the Tutsi in the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of
Planning during the Liberation War
From October 2, 1990 to April 6, 1994, the findings indicate that Tutsi employees faced a
human-rights crisis through acts of torture. This resulted into psychological and physical
trauma. The hate propaganda dehumanized Tutsi employees by assimilating them to 'snakes',
'cockroaches' and ‘animals’.64 On the other hand, physical torture in the prisons was done on
daily basis. Some people were imprisoned unjustly in gazetted and non-gazetted areas; they
Interview with PMSEN at Parliament building, September 15, 2017.
Statement by a Genocide survivor during the 23rd Annual Commemoration at MINECOFIN, June 2,
2017.
62 Interview with OMRA at RRA, September 20, 2017.
63 Interview with XMCM at Kimihurura, September 27, 2017.
64 Interview with IBBU at Kimihurura, September 27, 2017.
60
61
37
were tortured and beaten with sticks or electrocuted and forced to drink or eat unhealthy materials.
Some Tutsi employees suffered continuous arbitrary arrests, abductions at work and some
died due to poor conditions in detention centers. A former employee argued that “in 1992,
Karera Valere and Kagorora Thomas were abducted at work, imprisoned at Gikondo and later died of torture”.65 The two victims were employed in the former Ministry of Finance in the
Customs department which was headquartered in Gikondo. The Hutu employees carried out
serious abuses including deliberate and indiscriminate attacks on Tutsi employees either at
work premises or outside of it. This was committed by Hutu extremist employees who believed that the Tutsi in general were justified to be killed because they had committed acts of
treason against their country.
A respondent known as DMBU revealed that “Tutsi employees had no security whatsoever,
not only at working premises but even in their areas of residence”.66 As the fighting between
RPF-Inkotanyi and the genocidal regime intensified, another respondent, OMRA, testified that
“Tutsi employees suffered arbitrary arrests and torture not only committed by their fellow
Hutu employees but also by the local authorities or security organs where they resided”.67
In the two former ministries and indeed in the entire country, all Tutsi employees were under
surveillance as a measure to deter them from financing or joining RPF. They were also subjected to ill-treatment and torture for all intents and purposes. It is important to note that even
their relatives, especially the children and babies were also victims of this torture, hatred and
disappearances. One intern in the ministry ascertained that “even our children or relatives
were subjected to torture and discrimination because they were simply Tutsi”.68 The Hate discourse on the media by RTLM and Kangura newspapers played a major role in inciting Hutu
employees to hate their Tutsi colleagues. This is what DMBU revealed: “Every morning in
each department we made media reviews on RTLM radio and Kangura newspaper so as to
know what action to take”. 69 Consequently, Tutsi employees could be attacked with dehumanizing language and accusations that they had secret links RPF-Inkotanyi.
Interview with XMCM at Kimihurura, September 27, 2017.
Interview with DMBU at MINECOFIN, September 29, 2017.
67 Interview with OMRA at RRA, September 20, 2017.
68 Interview with ANINTERN at MINECOFIN, November 11, 2017
69 Interview with DMBU at MINECOFIN, September 29, 2017
65
66
38
Furthermore, the period of multiparty politics (1992 to 1994) escalated hatred against Tutsi
employees since the majority of their ideology was based on ethnic divide. A former employee in the Ministry of Finance associated the violence against the Tutsi employees with political parties. He narrated that: “the internal fighting between political parties’ supporters within
the ministry was witnessed amongst the ministry staff”.70 As for IBBU, he added: “Many people could fight during the demonstrations of political parties; even within our ministry this
violence was noticed.”71 Yet XMCM recalled that even before the birth of political parties,
there used to be ethnic radicalization by the ruling party (MRND) at all institutional levels.
He argued that “every afternoon on Wednesday we had what was called ‘Groupe Choc’ not
only in the former Ministry of Finance but in all public institutions.” 72 The purpose of such
meetings was to promote Hutu conscience and enhance the single-party-rule which was built
on ethnic and regional foundations. Indeed, this was done across the whole country through
what was termed as “Cellule Spécialisée”. This was ostensibly used as a way of promoting
national consciousness and patriotism.
Furthermore, the relatives of Tutsi employees were also targeted for imprisonment and this
happened on several occasions. While in detention, they also suffered systematic human
rights abuses as they were denied their rights to food and/or medical assistance. These inhumane practices escalated to the extent that some former Tutsi employees were beaten either in
detention or outside their workplaces and were left to die mercilessly. Those with wounds
who happened to be taken to hospital were left untended to by medical staff. Others could be
kidnapped and beaten to death or inflicted with injuries and wounds. In the section that follows, the manes of the victims alluded to are highlighted.
4.3.3. Crime period: names of victims and perpetrators and reasons of violence
Ethnic discrimination and torture against Tutsi employees in the two former ministries was
not different from what was taking place elsewhere nation-wide. The above acts took place
within a national system that was responsible for planning the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi. The national system was bent on promoting “hutuism” an ideology that aimed at creating a
“hutuland” country without the Tutsi. A part from the systematic dehumanization which characterized the modus operandi of the former ministries, there was also unjustifiable imprisonInterview with XMCM at Kimihurura, September 27, 2017
Interview with IBBU at Kimihurura, September 27, 2017
72 Interview with the XMCM, September 20, 2017
70
71
39
ment of the Tutsi employees.73 This happened during the civil war from October 1, 1990 and
in 1994.
Those who were imprisoned from 1990 to 1992 in the former Ministry of Finance included:
Ayabagabo Jean de Dieu, Karera Valere, Kagiraneza Deus, Bimenyimana Théoneste, Gasana
Françios-Xavier, Ntamabyariro Faustin, and Kagorora Thomas while in the former Ministry
of Planning were Gasana Hyacinthe, Rutazigwa Ignace, Mugabo Mwunvaneza Jean Claude,
Ndarasi André, and Litararenga Godfroid.74 After Karera Valère and Kagorora Thomas had
been severely tortured during imprisonment, they lost their lives. Kagorora was imprisoned at
Gikondo police station for six months in 1993 and he was killed there. Karera was imprisoned
in 1991 for five months. He was severely tortured and later released. After one month out of
prison he unfortunately died due to the wounds he sustained during the torture.
The perpetrators of these acts of violence were either their colleagues or other parties, notably
the Security agencies and local leaders who were monitoring them in their areas of residence.
In the former Ministry of Planning, the ring leader was the former Minister Augustin Ngirabatware. Incidentally, there were some two Burundians who worked in this ministry who were
Genocide ideologists. On many occasions they mistreated or tortured Tutsi employees. One is
remembered by his first name, Cyriaque. As for the Rwandan perpetrators, they included:
Nshimiyumuremyi Adalbert and Uwimana Antoine, who are currently living in Belgium.75 In
BUNEP, Collette from the former Gisenyi Prefecture was the most notorious ringleader was
identified by this study for torturing the Tutsi.76
In the former Ministry of Finance, Emmanuel Ndindabahizi who was the former Minister was
the ringleader who spearheaded the dehumanizing process and abuse of the Tutsi. Others were
Rutarindwa Honoré who was the Head of the Tax department in 1994, Niyonteze who was the
Head of the Customs department, Nderere Alphonse who was a driver in the Tax department,
among others.
Interview with CNH, August 18, 2017; Interview with XMCM at Kimihurura, 27 th September 2017;
Interview with IBBU at Kimihurura, September 27, 2017 & Interview with DMBU at MINECOFIN, September 29, 2017.
74 Ibid.
75 Interview with XMCM at Kimihurura, September 27, 2017
76 Interview with DMBU at MINECOFIN, September 29, 2017
73
40
4.4. Use of state treasure in buying arms to kill citizens
The former Ministry of Finance during the regime of President Habyarimana, in collaboration
with the Ministry of Planning, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Defense planned
and implemented the buying of weapons and arms that were used in the 1994 Genocide
against the Tutsi. Surprisingly, part of the money used in buying these weapons was diverted
from the development assistance that was given to Rwanda from 1991 to 1994.
On many occasions, the Minister of Finance diverted funds in favor of financing the military
and civilian militia training. Public accounts were manipulated to satisfy the demands of the
IMF and the World Bank, without the latter’s knowledge. This was seen in a letter referenced
0122/01.1.5 of 25th January 1991, written by Minister of Finance to President Habyarimana,
which, among other things, stressed that:
“Your Excellency will recall that the foreseen budget of the National Defense Ministry,
settled by both the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank during the month of
February 1991 amounts to 9,385 million FRW, 2,887 million FRW for salaries and 6,498
million FRW for goods and services (both imports and local merchandise)”.
This shows how the donor community worked hand in hand with the Rwandan government in
financing the Genocide through misappropriation of funds.77 During the donor conference that
was held in March 1991 in Paris, the World Bank was committed to disburse 120,3M USD
out of 139,2M USD which was supposed to be disbursed in the same year. Surprisingly, the
bank (WB) and other donors expressed their willingness that the money be spent as soon as
possible. During the conference, the WB and UNDP representative expressed support of
Rwanda and their willingness to financing Rwanda’s balance of payments and of the State
budget.
Bizimana Jean-Damascène said that the “former leaders of both ministries - as key institutions
in the country’s economic development - planned to exterminate the Tutsi ethnic race; even
some money reserved for the country’s development was used to buy weapons to be used for
perpetrating Genocide”.78 He added:
Ibid
Statement by Bizimana J. D., Executive Secretary of the National Commission for fight against Genocide (CNLG)
during the 23rd Genocide commemoration at MINECOFIN, 2nd June 2017. Available at
http://cnlg.gov.rw/newsdetails/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1782&cHash=2bc0fd4572ad19905e8c99e50399aafc
77
78
41
“Commemorating Genocide requires thinking about the role of the national budget, used
to buy weaponries to kill the Rwandan Tutsi instead of investing it in Rwanda’s development activities”.79
The former Minister of Finance, Emmanuel Ndindabahizi, and the former Minister of Planning, Dr. Augustin Ngirabatware, both convicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for
Rwanda (ICTR), were the big brains that facilitated the buying of weapons that killed the Tutsi, using government funds. Nonetheless, based on the UN resolution, the government of
Rwanda was prohibited from procuring and buying any weapon as a solution to end the civil
war and the UN was supposed to monitor its implementation.80
With the State commitment to execute the Genocide against the Tutsi, the then government
secretly violated the above aforementioned arms embargo. It wired the money to Rwandan
embassies in Paris in France, Cairo in Egypt, Kinshasa in former Zaire and Nairobi in Kenya.
This was ostensibly done to camouflage embassy activities. But in reality the money was instead used to buy weapons that were used to kill the Tutsi.
4.4.1. The Former Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Planning and Banque Nationale du
Rwanda in funds misappropriation saga
Michel Chossydovsky and Pierre Galand argue that the files in Rwanda’s central bank (BNR)
indicate that some of the imports between 1991 and 1994 were financed in violation of
agreements signed with the donors. The BNR data shows that the genocidal regime imported
goods amounting to 83,056,115USD and such imports were weapons, ammunition, military
equipment, pyrotechnic supplies, explosives, etc.
It should be noted that many of these imports and deliveries were carried out by military
planes without adhering to the required importation procedures or to government verification
standards. This explains why equipment like vehicles and some materials that were given to
civilian militias are not part of the 83 million USD. As well, some of the arms purchases were
negotiated “outside of the military aid protocol through go-betweens and arms traders”.81
Meanwhile, in 1992, public servants were reduced but their salaries continued to appear on
national budgets. This was done by the Minister of Finance under the guidelines of the PresiIbid.
Ibid.
81 Chossydovsky, M & Galand, P., The 1994 Rwandan Genocide. The Use of Rwanda’s External Debt
(1990-1994). The Responsibility of Donors and Creditors. Global Research, April 09, 2014, p. 4.
79
80
42
dent of the Republic in order to save at least 14.5 billion which was used to finance militias in
Kigali, Ruhengeri, Gisenyi and Byumba.82
4.4.2. Balance of payments and imports of military equipment
In 1991, 51% of the State earnings went to military expenditures and operations which was
71% of the total expenditure of goods and services. Military expenditures amounted to 25.1
million USD in 1990 and 37.6 million USD in 1991. From 1992 to 1994, the importation of
military material was increasingly becoming higher than any other services. Even some of the
imported merchandise and fuel was used to generate counter-part funds to finance military
and civilian militias.83
With full knowledge of the donors, the latter sometimes covered the financial gap that inflated
the military expenditure. Indeed, “96% of the Rwandan budget deficit was covered by foreign
aid”. Due to fiscal imbalances, there is a time when “Egypt supplied arms and in return
Rwanda would export tea in exchange”.84 This culture by foreign donors alleviated the increase in the imbalance of payments due to uneconomic expenditures on arms and maintenance of civilian militias. Such donors that knowingly financed the military and civilian militias included France, Switzerland, Canada, Austria, FAD, Belgium and the United States.85
4.4.3. The freeze and reduction of some civil service salaries
As mentioned above, public servants were reduced in 1992 but their salaries continued to appear on national budgets. According to Chossydovsky and Galand “the government proposed
to reduce the overall public service wage”.86 The former Minister of Planning also advised
government to fire some staff, those who were of less importance in all government institutions and projects so that the government could economize billions of francs for military expenditures and training of Interahamwe militias.87 A former employee in the Ministry of Labor confirmed this assertion: “[…] from 1992 to 1994, MINIFIN ordered a reduction of employees but salaries continued to appear in the national budget but the essence was to use the
freezed amount to train the Interahamwe militias”.88
Chossydovsky & Galand, The 1994 Rwandan Genocide, 14.
Ibid., 14
84 Interview with MRFM, down town, December28, 2017
85 Chossydovsky & Galand, The 1994 Rwandan Genocide, 8.
86 Ibid., 8
87 Interview with NYAT in Nyamirambo, November 13, 2017.
88 Interview with UWIRMIF, Remera, November 13, 2017.
82
83
43
In addition, he revealed that:
“It was not only about freezing their salaries but some employees were unlawfully suspended especially the Tutsi employees and some Hutu who did not support the political
environment that was obtaining in the country”.89
Another former employee highlighted the actors that became involved in freezing the civil
service salaries: the Ministries of Finance, Defense, Planning and Labor.90 However, this kind
of corruption was orchestrated by the Habyarimana’s government. The above regime through
MINIFIN saved at least 14.5 billion which was used to finance the militias. 91 The Finance
Ministry appealed for a “special advance of 14.5 billion FRW from BNR mainly to pay off the
militia in Kigali, Ruhengeri-Byumba and technical expenditures of the National Defense Ministry”.92
4.4.4. Effects of using State funds in buying arms to kill citizens
The diversion of foreign aid led to the deterioration of several sectors: education, health, infrastructure, etc. It was not only the diversion of these funds but there were also expenditurecuts by the former Ministry of Finance to finance the military and civilian militias. This resulted into the collapse of public services, shooting up unemployment rates and increasing
famine across the country. Chossydovsky and Galand indicate that “military expenditures
brought about by the war contributed largely to the budget deficit. The expenditures went up
from 3.4 billion FRW in 1989 to 7.9 billion FRW in 1990 and from 12.7 billion FRW in 1991,
in other words, an increase of 132% and 274% respectively.”93
Indeed, “the ratio of military goods and services on the total of goods and services went from
28% in 1989 to 60% in 1990 and 71 % in 1991. At the same time, civil goods and services
went from 4.013 billion RWF in 1989 to 3,900 billion FRW, or dropped by 2.8% following a
devaluation of 66.7%.”94 On the other hand, in 1989, the ratio of total actual military expenditure went from 14% to 26% in 1990 and shot to 38% in 1991. By 1989, regular military
expenditures was 14% of the total income, in 1990, it went to 37% in 1990 and 51% in 1991
of the total State income.
Ibid
Interview with NGABMIF, Gikondo, November 12, 2017.
91 Chossydovsky & Galand, The 1994 Rwandan Genocide, 8.
92 Ibid
93 Ibid.
94 Ibid.
89
90
44
4.5. Former Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Defense dealings in the importation of
military equipment
Though the genocidal regime was under an arms embargo, it imported a variety of military
equipment through foreign support. It had 83mm missile launchers that were French or Belgian made. It also had light weapons from the Belgians and Germans, and automatic weapons
such as kalachnikovs made in Egypt, China and South Africa. The regime had 12 armored
AML-60 vehicles, and 16 M3 French-made vehicles. Countries that mainly supplied weapons
from 1990 to 1994 were France, Belgium, South Africa, Egypt, and the People’s Republic of
China.95
The genocidal government held various negotiations with donors to divert foreign aid into organizing the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi. There is no doubt on this because as revealed in
the following source:
“The process of debt acquisition during the 1990-1994 period was an exception compared to previous debts. The debts of the former government (1990-1994) were mainly
used to finance the armed forces and civilian militias”.96
The financial game was orchestrated by the former Finance Minister, Mr. Benoit Ntigurirwa
and all his predecessors. Michel Chossydovsky and Pierre Galand argue that:
“External funds enabled the regime to acquire military material to organize and supply
the militia with equipment. Besides the purchase of weapons, these imports included a
steady flow of agro-foodstuffs, clothing, fuel, alcoholic beverages, etc. destined for members of the Armed Forces, the militia and their families”.97
Through an Agreement protocol, Egypt granted a sum of six million dollars while China
agreed to support the Interahamwe militias under an interest-free loan of 1,500,000 USD. The
military equipment from Egypt was negotiated from the beginning of the civil war from October 24, 1990 to April 4, 1991 at the sum of $10,861,000. From October 29, 1990 to May 29,
1991, South Africa provided arms equivalent to 29,999,531 USD and 26,236,685 USD which
was done at a later date, thus, South African transfers amounted to 56,263,217 USD. The
South African supplier was Nimrod International (Pty) Ltd. Transfers were made from the
https://www.globalresearch.ca/the-1994-rwandan-Genocide-the-use-of-rwandas-external-debt-19901994-the-responsibility-of-donors-and-creditors/5377229 - accessed September 25, 2017
96 Ibid
97 Chossydovsky & Galand, The 1994 Rwandan Genocide, 9.
95
45
former government to the Belgolaise Bank (Brussels) and to the Banque Nationale de Paris
(BNP) to the Nimrod account, also to the Volkskas Bank Ltd. Pretoria. Transfers towards
Belgium and France amounted to BF 96,986,711 and FF 47,887,804 (from October 29, 1990
to August 14, 1991).
Military supplies from China to the former genocidal government included mortars type-54,
machine guns, multiple missile launchers 107mm type-63, mortar shells type-53, missiles
type-63, shells and grenades. These purchases supplied by China were regulated under an
agreement protocol signed in December 1989.98 Below is the table from HRW summarising
the types of weapons bought by the Ministry of Finance:
Table 6: Types of weapons bought by the former Ministry of Finance
No
Weapon type
Quantity
Amount
Source/Donor
Period
1
Kalashnikov
450
U.S.$6 million
Egypt/France99
Mar-94
2
R-4 rifles
20,000
U.S.$5.9 million
South Africa
19-Oct-92
3
Rocket-propelled 2000
-
South Africa
grenades
4
Hand grenades
20,000
-
South Africa
5
Mortar shells
16,000
-
Egypt/France
6
Artillery shells
3,000
-
Egypt/France
Oct-93
Source: Human Rights Watch, 1994
In brief, through its former Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Planning, Ministry of Foreign
Affairs and Ministry of Defence, the State used national treasures to purchase weapons to kill
its citizens. This was done in a few months with the aim quickly initiating the Genocide
against the Tutsi. Without doubt, this explains how more than a million Tutsi were massacred
in less than three months, indicating that the Genocide was planned for such a long period of
time. The following table indicates companies and banks involved in the arms importation
deal and the related costs:
98
99
Chossydovsky & Galand, The 1994 Rwandan Genocide, p. 10.
French bank authorized the money to buy the weapons
46
Table 7: Companies and banks involved in buying arms used in the Tutsi massacre
No Company involved
Bank
1
British company MIL- Banque Belgolaise
TEC (London)
Amount (USD)
1,621,901 USD
2
Dyl Invest (Switzer- Banque Internationale 2,097,864 USD
land)
de Commerce
3
Oriental
(China)
Machinery Banque
Lambert
4
Oriental
(China)
Machinery BNR Citibank
count
5
Alcatel
GME
(Paris)
6
Rwandan Embassy (of General de Banque
the exiled regime) in
Kinshasa
Bruxelles 34,430,000 BEF
Period
May 16 1994
ac- 1,000,000 USD
France and Banque de France and FRF 2,072,532,895
International the Banque Nationale
de Paris (BNP).
157,864 USD
May
and
August 1994
August
1994
31
Source: Chossydovsky and Galand, 2014, p. 16.
The above table shows the companies and banks that were involved in facilitating the genocidal regime in buying arms and ammunitions used in massacring the Tutsi civilians in 1994.
The table also shows the amount of money that was involved. On the other hand, countries
like Egypt, South Africa and China supplied a substantial quantity of light arms and ammunition through Rwanda’s diplomatic missions in Pretoria, Cairo and Kinshasa. Nonetheless,
Chossydovsky and Galand argue that:
“Following the imposed embargo, officials of the South African government, who were
formerly arms delivery coordinators to Rwanda took part in organizing and forwarding
the arms to the former Rwandan Armed Forces”.
In most cases, it was done through third parties, especially through Egypt, South Africa and
former Zaire officials.100 In 1991, Rwanda signed an agreement with Egypt where Rwanda
was to supply tea while Egypt would supply arms in return to the then murderous regime. The
agreement was in force until the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.101
100
101
Chossydovsky & Galand, The 1994 Rwandan Genocide, p. 18.
Interview with MR1217, down town, December 28, 2017
47
4.5.1. Complicity of the Former Ministry of Finance and the International Financial
Institutions and Western Donors in arming the genocidal regime
Various international financial institutions and Western countries financed the buying of
weapons to arm Rwandan ex-army and civilian militias – the Interahamwe. Financial facilities
were granted in June 1991 by the International Development Association (IDA), the African
Development Fund (ADF), The European Development Funds and other bilateral donors including, Austria, Switzerland, Germany, the United States, Belgium and Canada. These funds
were provided under the guise of supporting civil economy.102
The donors disbursed the money knowing fully well that it was meant for military material to
counter RPF attack. However, it was wired as support to support Rwanda’s balance of payments problems. Some funds were co-financed by IDA in agreement with the loans from Belgium and Switzerland intended for managing structural adjustments loans. These donors carried out five supervisory missions between June 1991 and October 1993, but in their reports
they did not follow World Bank guidelines for Structural Adjustment Programs (SAP) supervisory and follow-up framework. If these guidelines were to be followed, more disbursements
could have been suspended due to massive importation of arms, ammunitions and machetes.
Michel Chossydovsky and Pierre Galand believe that such decision would have led to the
freezing of the special account at the Bank Bruxelles Lambert (BBL) which directly disbursed
funds to buy arms that were used in genocidal killings and the massacres of April 1994.103
Surprisingly, no independent audit was done between 1993 and 1994. This is because these
donors knew exactly what the funds were being used for under the guise of supporting socioeconomic development of the country. It is not surprising that the “amounts deposited before
December 1993 in the Special Account at the Banque Bruxelles Lambert were nonetheless
used by the regime until May 31, 1994”.104
4.5.2. Former Ministry of Finance in Illegal/Illegitimate debt dealings with the aim of
arming the Genocide
The Ministry participated in dubious debt dealings with the IMF and World Bank. These international financial institutions provided illegal debts to the then government of Rwanda
102
103
104
Ibidem, p. 12
Chossydovsky &Galand, The 1994 Rwandan Genocide, p. 14.
Chossydovsky and Galand, The 1994 Rwandan Genocide, p. 15.
48
through its former Ministry of Finance which were used to finance the Genocide perpetrated
against the Tutsi.105 Benjamin Lemoine clarifies that:
“Not many people know that one of the missions of Operation Turquoise was to get hold
of all the documentation of Rwanda’s central bank in Kigali and transfer it all in a container to Goma in the DRC, to prevent the new authorities from getting access to written
evidence revealing how strong France’s support for the genocidal regime of Juvénal
Habyarimana had been".106
Michel Chossudovsky argues that when Laurent-Désiré Kabila launched his offensive against
Mobutu in 1996 from Eastern Congo, the current government in Rwanda was able to retrieve
that container which was taken by the French soldiers to Goma and it was brought back to Kigali. Indeed, the Committee for the Abolition of the Illegitimate Debt (CADTM) which was
headed by Michel Chossudovsky and Pierre Galand used the archives to uncover the role of
France in facilitating the former government to get illegal debts that were used in arming the
Genocide against the Tutsi as well as supporting the French soldiers in executing the Genocide.107
In 1995, CADTM came to Rwanda to investigate the illegal debts and how they were used in
arming the Genocide and the “Opération Turquoise”. The CADTM met with different current
government officials especially those in BNR and the Ministry of Finance but the creditors
were totally against the audit. Since the Government of National Unity was especially interested in knowing the truth, in early 1996, CADTM launched an audit which was headed by a
Canadian, Michel Chossudovsky and a Belgian Pierre Galand.
While the current Government wanted transparency on what happened when the IMF and the
World Bank gave to Rwanda illegal debts that were used in arming the Genocide, Benjamin
Lemoine again argued that Washington and Paris, along with the World Bank and the IMF, all
agreed, in essence that:
Interview with former employee of Banque Nationale du Rwanda, Nyamirambo, November 13,
2017
106 Benjamin L., History of the CADTM’s anti-debt Policies, Interview with Eric Toussaint on August 21,
2016, spokesperson and co-founder of the international network of the Committee for the Abolition of
Illegitimate Debt (CADTM), 2016, p. 1.
107 Chossudovsky, M. & Galand, P., The Use of Rwanda’s External Debt (1990-1994). The Responsibility
of Donors and Creditors. Preliminary Report. Ottawa and Brussels, November 1996.
105
49
“Don’t spill the beans! In exchange for your silence, we’ll reduce Rwanda’s debt by
opening a maximum line of credit at the World Bank and the IMF. We’ll reduce the
amount of the repayment, and we’ll pre-finance it with new loans.”108
The author argues that it was a very frustrating experience because the current government
never wanted not only to repay illegal debts but at the same time, debts that were used to kill
Rwandan citizens – while the creditors knew that the funds were being used to finance arms,
ammunitions and training of Genocide forces. Michel Chossudovsky argues that “RPF decided to fully recognize the legitimacy of the "odious debts" of 1990-94”.109
4.5.3. Former Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Defense dealings with French Banks
and Rwanda’s former embassies in illegal funds for arms importation
The government of former President Habyarimana through the former Ministry of Finance
and Ministry of Defense dealt with different French banks to arm the Genocide perpetrated
against the Tutsi. On the other hand, various Rwanda’s former diplomatic missions played a
crucial role in facilitating the purchasing of these weapons either in some African or in Western countries. These embassies were in Paris, Kinshasa, Cairo and Nairobi. These dirty financial deals with French banks facilitated the buying of sophisticated weapons in France and
other countries like Egypt, South Africa and Syschelles.
Finances were mainly withdrawn from special fund accounts in the Banque de France and the
Banque Nationale de Paris (BNP). Later on, these funds were “transferred to various destinations for payments to two French companies: Alcatel France and GME International (Paris).
In total, over two billion French Francs (FRF 2,072,532,895) were transferred or withdrawn
from these accounts between May and August 1994.”110 Alcatel is an important arms manufacturer while GME International deals in arms trade.
On top of this, there were funds from other countries that were used to buy arms in France.
For example, 1.3 million USD from a Swiss bank called Union Bancaire Privée (UBP) was
deposited by a Rwandan diplomat in Switzerland.111 According to Bizimana Jean-Damascène:
Ibid, p. 2.
Chossydovsky, Economic Genocide in Rwanda: The Globalization of Poverty and the New World
Order, Global Research, 2003, paperback [first edition 1997], 5.
110 Ibid. 6.
111 Ibid. 6.
108
109
50
“the government used […] embassies where they would send money under the guise of
funding their operations and these would in turn wire the money to arms dealers […] between April 20 and 25, 1994, the Rwandan embassy in Cairo issued cheques worth
$4,126,310, this was an unusual expenditure for an establishment like that”.112
In addition, the former Ministry of Finance wired $4.126.310 to Rwanda’s embassy in Cairo
and the money was withdrawn by Jean Baptiste Zikamabahari who doubled as a Secretary and
member of the ruling family. The money was then sent to buy weapons in the Seychelles and
China.113 These deals took place from January to July 1994.114
On behalf of the former government of Rwanda, the arms deals were spearheaded by the former Minister of Finance Ndindabahizi Emmanuel, Col. Bagosora Théoneste (former Chief of
Staff) from 1992 to 1994. On the French side, the deal was coordinated by Captain Paul Barril,115 Lieutenant Colonel Jean-Jacques Maurin116 and General Jacques Lanxade117, among
others. Nonetheless, the embassies of Cairo and Paris played a leading role in buying the
weapons. All of these illegitimate activities were coordinated by the President’s entourage or
inner circle, which was commonly known as Akazu.118
These arms deals were negotiated outside the framework of government operations. The negotiations did not pass through government military aid agreements but through various intermediaries and private arms dealers. The money sent to Rwanda’s embassy in Egypt was
sent to a South Africa’s Peter EHLERS to buy weapons. However, Rwanda bought weapons;
they were loaded on Zairian planes which landed used to land in Goma town. Upon arrival,
http://cnlg.gov.rw/newsdetails/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1782&cHash=2bc0fd4572ad19905e8c9
9e50399aafc – accessed on November 13, 2017.
112
113 Statement by Bizimana., op cit
114 Alusala, N., The Arming of Rwanda, and the Genocide. African Security Review 13 (2004): pp.3-7.
115 He was one that conducted an audit of ex-FAR. Under French authorities’ guidance, he became an
adviser to President Habyarimana from 1990 up to 1994 Genocide. He also trained elite soldiers of the
former regime and paid for the service.
116 He was the operations assistant to the Defense Attaché at the Embassy of France in Rwanda from
1992 to 1994 and Advisor to the Chief of Staff of Rwanda. He led the development of the daily battle
plans of FAR and coordinated Tutsi killings in Kigali but especially in Kanombe commune.
117 From April 1989 to April 1991, he was the Special Chief of Staff under President Francois Mitterrand
and also Army Chief of Staff from April 1991 to September 1995. Under the French president, the
General played a leading role commanding French forces in Rwanda from 1990 to 1991 in planning and
executing the Genocide. So many crimes against humanity were committed under his command. He
also provided equipment, logistical and personnel for the training of French forces in Rwanda and ex
FAR. In 1991, he visited Rwanda and held talks with French commanders and Rwandan authorities on
how to execute their mandate in fighting Tutsi enemy.
118 Statement by Bizimana, op. cit.
51
the weapons were transported to the Congolese border with Rwanda and handed to Lt. Col.
Anatole Nsengiyumva and his men of the former Ex-FAR. In total, South Africa received
$330,000 from this deal.119
4.5.3.1. Delivery of weapons: delivery routes and facilitators
Though the country was under an arms embargo, the genocidal regime - through the former
Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Defense - imported arms and ammunitions via various
countries and facilitators.120 The principal facilitators were the French government and its soldiers, the former Zairian government and South Africa.
The French facilitators included a French soldier, Captain Paul Barril, and another French national called Dominique Yves Lemonier who brokered the illegal deal through Rwanda’s
former embassies in Egypt, Kenya, Zaire and South Africa. Between May and June 1994, the
French government supplied five cargoes of arms to the former Rwandan regime according to
the testimony of the Vice-Consul (honorary) of France to Goma, Mr. Jean-Claude Urbano.
The deliveries were done via Goma airport and transported to Rwanda via Goma border with
Gisenyi town on the Rwandan side.121
The arms were received by Col. Théoneste Bagosora and Lt. Col Anatole Nsengiyumva.122
Goma airport continued to be a transit center for the French’s “Opération Turquoise”. This
was contrary to the 918 Resolution of the United Nations Security Council which prohibited
the selling of arms to Rwanda even after the defeat of the genocidal regime.123 However, the
international community failed to take effective action to counter the supply of the weapons
as the UN arms embargo was still in force.
Though the former Zairian government denied the arms supply and delivery via Goma airport,
the Human Rights Watch Arms project indicates that from April 10-28, 1994, between “ten
and twelve plane-loads of arms were delivered from Bulgaria to Goma in a Russian Ilyushin
cargo aircraft” and this was confirmed by Robin Cook, the former United Kingdom (UK)
119
Statement by Bizimana, op cit.
Chossydovsky &Galand, The 1994 Rwandan Genocide, p. 18.
Chossydovsky & Galand, The 1994 Rwandan Genocide, p. 20
122
Interview
with
a
senior
citizen,
Remera,
11
November
2017
&
http://cnlg.gov.rw/newsdetails/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1782&cHash=2bc0fd4572ad19905e8c99
e50399aafc – accessed on November 13, 2017.
123 Ibid., 18
120
121
52
Shadow Minister of Foreign Affairs, who visited Goma on March 24, 1995.124 According to
the Amnesty International report, these arms supplies even continued to flow after the end of
the Genocide in mid-May 1995. For example on April 4, 1995, three cargo planes loaded with
arms and ammunitions landed at Goma airport. The plane used was an Ukranian-registered
Antonov 124 which made fuel stop-overs in Cairo, Egypt and Jedda, Saudi Arabia. These
arms were received by the former Prime Minister of Rwanda, Jean Kambanda, and a former
leader of the Interahamwe, Jean-Baptiste Gatete.125
In November 1994, four pilots employed by a UK company admitted publicly to having flown
four large charter plane-loads of small arms, mainly hand grenades, rifles and ammunition of
Chinese and Russian origin, from Israel and Albania to Goma during April 1994. A Nigerianregistered-and-owned aircraft and Ghanaian-registered Boeing 707 based in the United Kingdom were also used to transport 36.5 tons of arms and ammunition.126
Before the arms delivery to Gisenyi, they were kept in arms caches which were established
along the Zaire/Rwanda border between 5 and 7 kilometers inside the former Zaire. The most
known arms cache was one in the Parc National des Volcans near the border with North West
Rwanda. It contained French M60 medium machine guns, AK47 assault rifles and South African 7.62 ammunitions.127
Even after the end of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi, between July 1994 and December
1999, the soldiers of the former government and the Interahamwe militias continued to be
armed by the French government. For example, the Human Rights Watch Arms Project
shows that between 10 and 12 plane-loads of arms were delivered from Bulgaria to Goma in
Russian Ilyushin cargo aircraft " on April 10, 1995 and this arms-supply continued until midMay 1995, long after the Genocide had ended. For example, the coordination of the above
arms traffic was done by Col. Bagosora Theoneste. 128
Human Rights Watch Arms Project, "Rwanda/Zaire: rearming with Impunity", Washington, May
1995.
125 Ibid.
126 Ibid.
127 Ibid., 3.
128 Ibid., 1-5.
124
53
4.5.3.2. Stealing currency reserves
Chossydovsky and Galand in their audit of how donor agencies and countries facilitated the
then government in arming the Genocide against the Tutsi indicate how the former Ministry
of Finance and BNR, together with the bid wings of ex-FAR stole most of the currency reserves in the national bank.129 A former BNR employee revealed that:
“Stealing currency reserves was obvious because they had to find ways of survival but
most importantly, they had to continue financing their genocidal struggle with the hope
that they had to recapture the country though they failed”.130
A former employee in MINIFIN agreed with the former BNR employee by arguing that:
“If they had used State and donor financial resources to buy arms to kill the Tutsi; the
stealing of currency reserves after their defeat cannot be ruled out […] because they had
to survive in exile”.131
In addition, when the defeated genocidal government crossed to former Zaire, they conspired
with embassies and embezzled money that was in foreign countries like Kenya, Tanzania,
Zaire and the Netherlands.132
4.6. Conspiracy by Habyarimana’s government with the former Ministry of Finance and
Ministry of Planning
The president’s political and family entourage was so influential in planning and executing
the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi. In this way, they used the former ministries by appointing ministers that could not let down their cause, notably the execution of the Genocide agenda. It was within this political framework that all Ministers that served under the former Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Planning were appointed specially till 1992.
Since the State was ruled on a one-party-system, all Ministers in the two ministries were supposed to be strong supporters of the ruling party - MRND. Thus, the functioning of the two
ministries was characterized by MRND political ideology of racial divide and hatred against
the Tutsi at Ministerial, divisional and departmental levels. Ministerial departments and units
Chossydovsky & Galand, The 1994 Rwandan Genocide, p. 15
Interview with former employee of BNR, Nyamirambo, November 16, 2017
131 Interview with former MINFIN employee, downtown, November 15, 2017
132 Ibid
129
130
54
were given to strong MRND die-hards, mainly from Northern Rwanda where the President
hailed.
The President controlled leadership of both ministries and. The Ministerial leadership had to
update the president and MRND Secretary-General on how MRND ideology was being implemented within these ministries, at least on a weekly-basis. This is because the presidency
was the supreme organ of MRND.
In 1991, Rwanda’s Constitution was amended and the country adopted the politics of multipartism. It was during the same period that the ministries were apportioned to different parties. Consequently, in 1992, the Ministry of Finance was taken from MRND and handled to
PSD while the Ministry of Planning was retained by MRND.
4.6.1. MINIFIN Ministers from 26 October 1960 to 14 July 1994
This section examines different Ministers that were charged with the management of the former Ministry of Finance from 1960 until the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.
4.6.1.1. Cyimana Gaspard (October 26, 1960 – June 12, 1968)
Cyimana Gaspard hailed from former Gitarama Prefecture and was a strong supporter of the
MDR-PARMEHUTU political party – which ruled the country on the basis of a one-party
system under President Grégoire Kayibanda from 1962 to June 12, 1973. He was the Minister
of Finance, Economy and Planning from October 26, 1961 to June 12, 1968. He died when he
was reportedly married and had five children. One of his children is Thierry Kayitankore
Cyimana – the former Managing Director of SOTRA Tours. He is in Mageregere prison on
charges related to business malpractices. He was also a step-father to Rumanyika a Rwandan
businessman.133
During Cyimana Gaspard’s tenure of office, the Ministry was run on the basis of regional and
ethnic divisions which were core ideological components of MDR-PARMEHUTU. Nonetheless, the ethnic divide was the most apparent characteristic along which the institution was
run. The ministry employees had to largely be aligned to MDR-PARMEHUTU. This was
confirmed by one respondent whose relative worked in the ministry by then:
133
Rwanda’s Parliament archives, consulted December 1, 2017.
55
“By that time, the ministry was run according to MDR-PARMEHUTU ideological orientation
which was based on ethnicity and regionalism. It largely excluded the Tutsi to be employed
not only in the former ministry but also in all public institutions. It was even very hard for
other Hutus from other regions to get employed – Thos who were previledged were those
from former Gitarama and Butare Prefectures”.134
For ethical reasons, a respondent abbreviated as GMCH confirmed the above statement that:
“During Cyimana’s tenure of office, it was taboo to employ Tutsis despite the fact that
some of them were more educated than their Hutu counterparts […] bearing in mind the
political crisis of 1959 which aimed at eliminating the Tutsi. MDR-PARMEHUTU which
was behind this crisis carried on this same ideological orientation based on hatred
against the Tutsi up to the post-independence period […].”135
The above respondents show that “Tutsi employment was between 1% and 2%”. It was based
on the hatred against the Tutsi whose working conditions and environment were characterized
by distress, fear, despondence, intimidation and hatred. A respondent, whose father worked in
this ministry, also described the working environment of the Tutsi as being characterized by
“humiliation and demonization against the Tutsi employees” and that “the Tutsi were just 2%
of the total employees”.136
The ministry was not only characterized by systematic mistreatment of the Tutsi but also
some Hutu employees whose origins were not from the central part. One of the respondents
argued that “even some Hutu employees were targeted based on region they came from, only
those from the center were privileged”. The ministry instilled a sense of suffering, harassment, fear and pain to the Tutsi employees and some Hutu who did not support the MDRPARMEHUTU ideology.
Interview with GMCH at downtown, November 6, 2017
Interview with GMCH at downtown, November 6, 2017
136 Ibid
134
135
56
4.6.1.2. Nzanana Fidèle (June 12, 1968 – February 21, 1972)
Nzanana Fidèle was born in the former Kivumu Commune, Kibuye Prefecture.137 He became Minister of Finance on June 12, 1968, until February 12,
1972 under President Kayibanda’s regime.138 He was killed amongst other politicians between 1973 and 1976. These politicians were in Kayibanda’s government and mainly came from Kibuye, Gikongoro and Butare.139
Nzanana’s term of office was also characterized by promoting ethnic division, segregation
and regionalism within the institution. The ministry was strictly run on ethnic and regional
considerations. During his tenure of office as minister, the Tutsi were strictly excluded from
being employed whereas the Hutu from Gitarama and Butare were more favored in terms of
granting employment and promotion opportunities within the former ministry.140
4.6.1.3. Major Ntibitura Bonaventure (July 5, 1973 – August 1, 1973)
On July 5, 1973, Major General Juvénal Habyarimana came to power through a
bloodless coup and formed the first government which was referred to as the
“Committee for Peace and National Unity” (named Comrades of July 5). The
coup leader appointed Major Ntibitura Bonaventure as the Minister of Commerce, Mines and Industry plus Finance from July 5, 1973 to August 1,
1973.141 Major Ntibitura currently lives in exile in Italy. He was a Hutu from the former
Ruhengeri Prefecture.142
He was one of the team members that overthrew President Kayibanda. He held the finance
department for almost one month. Even after his replacement, he continued to monitor the
institution indirectly. He also mistreated some few Tutsis who worked in the ministry and expelled some of them using the premise of the ethnic quota policy that was introduced in 1973.
He also coordinated the killings of Tutsis in Kigali between 1973 and 1974.143
http://www.musabyimana.net/20111229-quelques-photos-des-membres-du-gouvernement-de-la-1erepubique/ - accessed on December 1, 2017
138 Rwanda’s Parliament achieves, consulted December 1, 2017
139 https://umuvugizi.wordpress.com/2014/09/01/00002889176543/
140 Interview with HFRS, Remera sector, November 29, 2017
141 Rwanda’s Parliament achieves, consulted December 1, 2017
142http://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/colonel-fabien-gahimano-umwe-mu-bafashijehabyarimana-kujya-ku-butegetsi-yaguye - accessed November 18, 2017
143 Interview with HFRS, Remera sector, November 29, 2017
137
57
4.6.1.4. Nduhungirehe Jean-Chrysostome (August 1, 1973 – June 11, 1975)
Nduhungirihe Jean-Chrysostome was born in 1937 in Butare. His children are
Janvier Jean Cyriaque Nduhungirehe, Solange Nduhungirehe, Chantal Nduhungirehe, Lyliose Nduhungirehe and Olivier - former Rwanda’s diplomat in the
United Nations who is currently Minister of State in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The majority of the former Ministers’ family members live in Belgium. He died in exile
in Louvain, Belgium in 1996.
On August 1, 1973, the Committee for Peace and National Unity relinquished power to civilians but four soldiers remained in the Cabinet including former President Habyarimana Juvénal. Though the Committee for Peace and National Unity was dissolved, it functioned behind
the curtains until MRND was formed, on July 5, 1975. During that transition, Nduhungirehe
Jean-Chrysostome became Minister of Finance and Economy from August 1, 1973 to June 11,
1975 when he became Minister of Planning.144
As a Minister of Finance and Economy from August 1, 1973 to June 11, 1975, he ran the
Ministry along MRND political party lines which were characterized by segregation and hatred against the Tutsi. The fact that Tutsi employees were below 1% showed how Tutsi were
strictly marginalized in terms of employment within the former ministry. This was corroborated by one of the former employees in the ministry:
“His tenure in office was characterized by ‘ethnic segregation’ and ‘hatred’ against the
Tutsi employees either in the Ministry of Finance or in the Ministry of Planning that he
also headed” […] But no wonder, that was the country’s vision of promoting hatred
against the Tutsi […] they had no vision for development, they were pre-occupied with
ethnicity and nothing else.145
Since the Ministry was one of the important State institutions, and being a Hutu from the
South, President Habyarimana never trusted him like he trusted his regional-men from the
North, especially from the former Gisenyi and Ruhengeri Prefectures. Thus, he had to replace
him with another Hutu from the same region where the President hailed from.
144
145
Rwanda’s Parliament archives, consulted December 1, 2017
Interview with VNH, downtown, November 16, 2017.
58
4.6.1.5. Ntirugirimbabazi Denys (June 11, 1975 – March 29, 1981)
His parents were Mburanumwe Damien and Mpeka. He was
born in former Nyamutera Commune, Ruhengeri Prefecture.146
He died on March 24, 2017 in Netherlands.147 He was appointed
as the Minister of Finance and Economy on June 11, 1975 and
re-appointed on December 8, 1977. In the Ministerial reshuffle
of January 8, 1979, he was reappointed and served until 29 March 1981 when Hategekimana
Jean-Damascène took over.148 He was also appointed Governor of BNR from 1991 to 1994.
The findings of the present study indicate that he also managed other State institutions
(ONATRACOM, BNR) at different periods and he is accused of promoting ethnicity and regionalism across the institutions he led. In particular, while he headed the Ministry of Finance
and Economy from 1973 to 1981, he was extremely against employing the Tutsi in his ministry. He did not favor employing Hutus who from other regions except those from Ruhengeri
and Gisenyi Prefectures. One of the respondents who participated in this study commented
this about him:
“He was obsessed with ethnicity; he hated the Tutsi to the extent that he was always
against employing any of them in the ministry”. Another respondent confirmed the above
statement by saying that: “He was a Hutu extremist who never believed in co-existence
between the Hutu and Tutsi”.
The same interviewee added:
“During the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi, when he was the governor of BNR, he
worked closely with Ndindabahizi Emmanuel (Finance Minister during the Genocide)
and Col. Bagosora) to finance, arm and train civilian militias, gendarmerie and the army. These are the people who bought arms and ammunitions that were used in the 1994
massacre against Tutsi [...]”.
http://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/ntirugirimbabazi-wayoboye-bnr-wanashakishwagauruhare-muri-jenoside-yitabye - accessed on November 29, 2017.
147http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.therwandan.com/ki/2017/03/2
4/denis-ntirugilimbabazi-yitabye-imana/&num=1&strip=1&vwsrc=0 – accessed on November 29, 2017
148 Rwanda’s Parliament archives, consulted December 1, 2017.
146
59
During the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi, he also incited the Hutu to kill the Tutsi both in
Kigali and his home area of Ruhengeri Prefecture. This is confirmed by the fact that he is also
one of the people on the list of wanted perpetrators of Genocide and was indicted by the
Rwandan government in 2009.149
4.6.1.6. Hategikimana Jean-Damascene (March 29, 1981 – April 4, 1987)
Hategikimana Jean-Damascene became Minister of Finance on March 29, 1981 after the first
presidential election under the Constitution of the Second Republic during President
Habyarimana’s regime. He was again reappointed on February 8, 1982 and served until April
9, 1987 when Ruhamanya Vincent replaced him.150 He originated from Ruhengeri Prefecture.
He died in 1995.151
Compared to his predecessors, he did not practice overt hatred against the Tutsi employees,
though discrimination and segregation remained a characteristic of his working environment
and his term of office. It is important to note that there were no open attacks against the Tutsi
employees in his ministry compared to Cyimana’s term of office. Nonetheless, he still practised covert systematic discrimination at the workplace. A respondent averred that:
“Comparing the operation of the ministries during MDR-PARMEHUTU and
MRND, the difference was manifest in terms of discriminating the Tutsi employees
in MINIFIN. Though MRND was also characterized by practicing ethnicity and
regionalism, it was less hostile compared to Kayibanda’s presidency. As well, the
rate of Tutsi employment in MINIFIN slightly increased but the ideological hatred
against the Tutsi was generally latent”.152
Another former employee described the working environment somewhat differently:
The working environment in MINIFIN was relatively good; The Hutu and Tutsi
employees had good working relations. I agree that there was a national system
of hatred and discrimination against the Tutsi but one could not see it within the
ministry. Rather, what was visible was that the majority of ministry employees
http://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/ntirugirimbabazi-wayoboye-bnr-wanashakishwagauruhare-muri-jenoside-yitabye - accessed on November 29, 2017.
150 Rwanda’s Parliament archives, consulted December 1, 2017.
151 Interview with VNH, downtown, November 16, 2017.
152 Interview with a relative of the former employee, Kabeza Cell, Kanombe sector, 18 th November
2017
149
60
were Hutus from the North while the Tutsi were employed on the basis of a quota
system […].
Thus, discrimination against Tutsi employees was supported by policy. In practice, this policy
was implemented on the basis of ethnic and regional considerations. In addition, staff promotions were not based on merit. They were based on where the employees came from and the
ethnic race they belonged to. On the issue of regionalism, there is a respondent who affirmed
that: “The Abakiga were the most favored in terms of promotions and access to capacity
building trainings”153 As for ethnicity, another respondent reported that: “The Tutsi were discriminated in employment as well as other rights and benefits”.154 Therefore, the Tutsi employees were mostly targeted and some other Hutu employees who did not come from the
North, Gisenyi and Ruhengeri also complained about being discriminated against in terms of
employment.
4.6.1.7. Ruhamanya Vincent (April 9, 1987 - January 15, 1989)
Ruhamanya Vincent was born in the former Gikongoro Prefecture. He currently lives in exile
in the Netherlands.155 He was appointed as Minister of Finance and Economy on April 9,
1987 to January 15, 1989 until he was replaced by Ntigurirwa Benoit.156
During his tenure, the working environment in MINIFIN was no different from his predecessors – it was also characterized by ethnicity and regionalism. One of the former employees in
the ministry summarized the employment situation as follows: “The system of employment
was strictly based on ethnic quotas, regionalism and technical-know-who rather than on merit criteria”.157 Though discrimination, demonization and hatred against the Tutsi employees
was covert, it continued to have negative psychological effects on their working conditions.
The Hutu employees from the North continued to dominate amongst the ministerial employees. Most of the departments were strictly headed by the Hutu from the former Ruhengeri and
Gisenyi Prefectures. A former employee gave the following testimony about the privileges of
the Hutu from Northern Rwanda:
Interview with MH, Muhanga district, November 19, 2017
Interview with VNH, November 16, 2017
155 Interview with former MINIFIN employee, downtown, November 15, 2017
156 Rwanda’s Parliament archives, consulted December 1, 2017
157 Ibid
153
154
61
“The Hutu from the North were the most privileged in employment and promotion opportunities not only in MINIFIN but in all public institutions […] it was a culture that had to
be obeyed. In most cases, almost all posts were given to them and it was assumed to be
normal”.
In this connection, most of the interviewees agree that discrimination, favoritism and ethnicity was a policy that was institutionalized and promoted by MRND. An interviewee noted that “Ruhamanya Vincent is a strong critic of the current government as he is a friend of
evil, given words he uses in opposition forums in Europe”.158
4.6.1.8. Ntigurirwa Bénoit (15th January 1989 – 31st December 1991)
He originated from the former Buringa Commune, Gitarama Prefecture. He died of a natural
death right after the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.159 Ntigurirwa Bénoit became Minister
of Finance in the Ministerial reshuffle of January 15, 1989 after the 3rd presidential elections
where President Habyarimana was re-elected with 99.98% support. In the Ministerial reshuffle that took place on July 9, 1990, he was reappointed in the same capacity and reappointed
on February 4, 1991 until December 31, 1991 when Ruhigira Enoch replaced him.160
During his term of office, the working conditions for Tutsi employees became unbearable and
hostile. Some Tutsi were imprisoned as RPF-Inkotanyi accomplices (Ibyitso). It is on record
that ethnic discrimination, demonization and hatred against Tutsi doubled, even before the
RPF attack. One of the respondents said this about his tenure of office: “The Tutsi employees
suffered stressful treatment during Ntigurirwa’s time in office”. The Tutsi employees suffered
from political repression and persecution. This was corroborated by a former employee who
said: “The movements of Tutsi employees were restricted because the ministry feared they
could join RPF-Inkotanyi.”161
The rate of surveillance of the Tutsi employees was high since the ministry suspected them to
be financing the “enemies (RPF-Inkotanyi)”. In 1992, some Tutsi employees were abducted at
work and imprisoned. Many of the some died of torture. A former employee described the
situation during such arbitrary imprisonment:
Interview with OMH, downtown, November 15, 2017
Ibid
160 Rwanda’s Parliament archives, consulted December 1, 2017
161 Interview with former employee, Nyarugenge, November 14, 2017
158
159
62
“At the beginning of the unjust imprisonment, the Tutsi employees who openly opposed
hatred and discrimination policies were the first to be handpicked for imprisonment. In
the prisons they were seriously tortured in various ways to the extent that two of them
died later. It was horrible experience. It was inhumane. Some Hutu extremists had really
lost their sense of humanity […].”162
The descriptions given by most of the respondents shows that the working conditions under
Ntigurirwa Bénoit were brutal and violent in nature. In that period, many Tutsi employees
were expelled from their work.
4.6.1.9. Ruhigira Enoch (December 31, 1991 – April 16, 1992)
Ruhigira Enoch was appointed as Minister of Finance in the Ministerial reshuffle
that was chaired on December 31, 1991 in the twelfth government after the Constitutional amendment that ushered in multi-partism and served until April 16,
1992 when Rugenera Marc replaced him.
In the early years of Rwanda’s Civil War between RPF and then government, he is remembered as a Minister who was a staunch supporter of MRND. He headed the persecution process of the Tutsi in the Ministry of Finance and beyond. This was corroborated by an employee who worked under him. He had this to say about the minister: “He spearheaded the arrest
and detention of many Tutsi employees in late 1990 to 1992”.163 Another respondent accused
him of persecuting and instigating violence against the Tutsi:
“He incited violence against the Tutsi employees until when he left the ministry in 1992.
He used to prepare meetings with Hutu extremists especially those who came from
Gisenyi and Ruhengeri. The meetings aimed at instilling hatred against the Tutsi. In fact,
his persecution of the Tutsi employees went beyond the ministry […]”.164
He was also at the forefront in building MRND structures in the Ministry of Finance. These
structures promoted Hutu extremism, segregation and hatred against the Tutsi within the institution. During his term of office, he made sure that the majority of the departments were
headed by Hutu extremists from the former Ruhengeri and Gisenyi Prefectures. This aimed at
instilling the MRND ideology. This was confirmed by another respondent:
Interview with former employee, Nyarugenge, November 15, 2017
Interview with UJD, downtown, November 14, 2017
164 Interview with GM1217, downtown, November 15, 2017
162
163
63
“Habyarimana appointed him to the head presidential staff to oversee the implementation of MRND ideology across the whole country. In fact, he coordinated all the massacres that happened in the country, especially those that took place in Kibirira and
Bigogwe […]”.165
He was also appointed as Chef de Cabinet from 1992 until when the president was assassinated on April 6, 1994. The findings of this study indicate that before he fled the country on
April 22, 1994, Ruhigira Enoch planned, incited and supervised a Tutsi massacre in the former Kibuye Prefecture. He held various meetings with the Prefect of Kibuye and other Communal leaders in April 1994. He was flown out of Rwanda by Belgian soldiers on April 22,
1994 after the closure of the Belgian Embassy. He then went to New Zealand where he obtained citizenship on October 6, 2005.
On November 25, 2004, the government of Rwanda issued an international arrest warrant
against Enoch Ruhigira. It was served to the New Zealand authorities. It reached New Zealand authorities on December 14, 2005. New Zealand did not immediately extradite him. Instead, they sent a verification officer to Kigali to conduct investigations with the office of the
prosecutor general of the Republic of Rwanda.
He was later detained on July 20, 2016 at Frankfurt airport while he was in transit to Belgium.
He was released on March 22, 2017 after failing to get convincing evidence of his role in the
1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.166
4.6.1.10. Rugenera Marc (April 16, 1992 –April 9, 1994)
Rugenera Marc was born on July 24, 1954 in Remera Rukoma, the former
Taba Commune, and Gitarama Prefecture. He attended primary from 1967 to
1970 and from 1970 to 1974 he completed his ordinary level at College Officiel Mburabuturo. He holds an MBA in Business Engineering with a specialization in Insurance, Banking and Finance from the Brussels Management
School from 1974 to 1980. He is married with three children.167
Ibid
http://www.blogtalkradio.com/radioitahuka/2016/08/21/ubutaberaese-hari-impanvu-zatumyeenoch-ruhigira-atabwa-muri-yombi-na-interpol - accessed on November 29, 2017
167 Interview with Marc Rugenera, down town, December 28, 2017
165
166
64
From 1980 to 1989, he worked with the Rwanda Development Bank as a Project Analyst and
Head of SME’s Department. He was also in charge of Supervising the Assistance to Financed
Enterprises. From 1989 to 1992, he worked as Managing Director of a Company called Industry and Trade in Africa (CITA).168 Rugenera Marc became the Minister of Finance after consent from political parties for a government of cohabitation: protocol of agreement for the
formation of the second interim government on 13th March 1992. He joined the Cabinet
known as ‘First multi-party government,’ which took office on April 3, 1992 headed by
Nsengiyaremye Dismas from April 16, 1992 to July 18, 1993 when the late Prime Minister
Uwilingiyimana Agathe took over. It included 9 MRND Ministers, 4 MDR Ministers, 3 PL
Ministers, 3 PSDs, 1 PDC.169
Rugenera Marc was appointed as Minister of Finance from April 16, 1992 and reappointed on
July 18, 1993 in Uwilingiyimana Agathe government and later reappointed on January 5,
1994 in the same Transitional Government which was based on Arusha Peace Accord. He was
again reappointed on March 18, 1994 in the same transition government and was dropped on
April 9, 1994 when Ndindabahizi Emmanuel replaced him during the “Government of Abatabazi” under President Sindikubwabo Théodore.170 Prior to his appointment, he was the Governor of Banque Nationale du Rwanda (BNR). He was a member of the PSD political party
and Vice-Chairman of the same political party. He and his party were not aware of the Genocide plan which overtly started in 1990 when RPA/RPF attacked the country. In 1993, when
CDR came into existence, he was even targeted for killing. One of the respondents narrated
how he narrowly escaped death:
[…] In 1993, CDR supporters came to MINIFIN, the Minister (Rugenera) was entering
his car and CDR supporters attacked him, he was beaten but he tried to escape and went
back to his office […] he then called gendarmerie who took him to safety […]”
Rugenera Marc did not support the regional and ethnic divide but he had no powers to fight it.
Another respondent who was a former employee in the same ministry exonerated him from
participating in Genocide plans:
Ibid
Rwanda’s Parliament archives, consulted December 1, 2017
170 Rwanda’s Parliament archives, consulted December 1, 2017
168
169
65
“During his tenure, at least the ministry operated in a professional way […] without
mixing professional work and politics-based on divisionism and ethnicity […] yes, it was
there but to a lesser extent because he was not Genocide-oriented leader”.171
Another former employee added:
“[…] Rugenera never supported Genocide plans against the Tutsi. He was moderate and
an elite politician who never supported the Genocide ideology before or during the Genocide execution”.
Although Minister Rugenera was against the Genocide ideology and plans within MINIFIN,
his Ministry continued to be characterized by racial discrimination and hatred against the Tutsi because the majority of the divison/department heads under him were Hutu extremists. The
Ministry had a small group of Hutu extremists (Hutu Power) in the top echelons of the ministry that supported the Tutsi extermination agenda in the ministry and beyond. The MRND
ethnic hatred against the Tutsi had its roots from this group. This is why MRND die-hards
perceived the Minister as non-collaborator in planning the Genocide. Thus, the MRND political leadership perceived him as non-partisan to the Genocide agenda and thus could not release money to purchase the weapons they needed. In this regard one respondent revealed
MRND’s plan to circumvent him: “They worked out a plan to leave him out of the loop by
appointing someone else at the Ministry of Defense through whom the requisitions for arms
were processed and went directly to BNR without Minister Rugenera’s knowledge.”172
The same argument was echoed by another former MINIFIN employee:
“Because he was against the Genocidal plans, Habyarimana’s political and personal entourage did not trust him. He was a technical and professional worker who never liked divisive
politics which was championed by the MRND regime […] time came when he could not sign
some important ministry documents and cheques – especially those that were linked to arms
purchases […]”.173
171
Interview with his former employee in MINIFIN, Nyamirambo, November 11, 2017
172
http://cnlg.gov.rw/newsdetails/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1782&cHash=2bc0fd4572ad19905e8c99e50399aafc
– accessed on November 13, 2017
173
Interview with his former colleague in MINIFIN, Kimihurura, November 12, 2017
66
One of the respondents reported that an Ex-FAR soldier who was charged with signing financial documents to buy arms used in the Genocide against the Tutsi secured funds through illegal means to train Interahamwe militias. He had this to say:
Ntare Simon was a soldier whose rank was unknown in the former ex-FAR army
that perpetrated the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi. He was responsible for
handling all financial documents that aimed at preparing the Genocide in the
former Ministry of Finance. He took over the responsibilities of the former Cabinet Minister called Marc Rugenera who was opposed to the Genocide ideology.
According to the above testimony, the power-sharing deal that was reached during the Arusha
Agreement between Habyarimana’s government and those in the opposition was circumvented. The government in power embarked on using illegal means to implement the perpetration
of the Genocide against the Tutsi.
Due to his reluctance to support the Genocide plan, Rugenera Marc was replaced by Ndindabahizi Emmanuel on April 8, 1994. His replacement was meant to facilitate MINIFIN and
MINADEF to withdraw money from BNR to buy arms that were to be used in the execution
of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.174
When the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi ended in mid-July 1994, Rugenera also served in
the same portfolio from 1994 to 1997. Between 1997 and 2000, he was appointed as Minister
of Commerce, Industry and Tourism. In 2000, he left the government and worked in SORAS.
From 2000 to 2012, he was the Managing Director of SORAS Assurances Generales LTD. He
is currently a businessman operating an insurance company (Radiant) in Rwanda since
2013.175
4.6.1.11. Ndindabahizi Emmanuel (April 9, 1994 to mid-July 1994)
Ndindabahizi Emmanuel was born in 1950 at Gasharu, in former Gitesi Commune, Kibuye Prefecture. He attended primary education at Kirambo and
Nyagato in Gitesi Commune and completed it in 1964. He attended Shyogwe
Secondary School in Gitarama Prefecture (1964 to 1967) and the Official College in Kigali (1967-1970). He joined the former University of Rwanda and
174
175
Interview with his former colleague in MINIFIN, Nyamirambo, November 11, 2017
Interview with MR1217, down town, December 28, 2017
67
obtained a Baccalauréat in Economics and Social Sciences in 1974 and a Degree in Management (Licencié en Sciences de la Gestion) in 1976.
From November 1976, he worked at Trafipro, as the head of the Finance Division until the
end of 1981. He was then transferred to Electrogaz Company in Kigali where he headed the
Administrative and Financial Departments. In 1985, he was transferred to the Ministry of
Planning in Kigali to head the Internal Financing Section. In 1991, he left the civil service to
work for Audico, a private consultancy and auditing firm, until 1992. He joined the Social
Democratic Party/ Parti Social Démocrate (“PSD”), in 1992. In September 1992 he was appointed as the Directeur de Cabinet in the Ministry of Finance, and remained in that position
until April 6, 1994. He was elected to the post of Executive Secretary of the PSD party in
Kibuye in 1993. He was appointed as Minister of Finance in the Interim Government of April
9, 1994 until that government fled Rwanda in mid-July 1994. He was at the forefront in planning the Genocide against the Tutsi both within the former Ministry of Finance and at national
level.
At Ministerial level, he spearheaded the planning and execution of the 1994 Genocide against
the Tutsi. He organized and executed the financing and training of the army and civilian militias. Together with Col. Bagosora, they coordinated the buying of arms, ammunitions and armored vehicles which were used in the 1994 Genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi. A former
employee in the ministry described his role and responsibilities in the Genocide against the
Tutsi:
“killing Tutsi employees in MINIFIN was left to his juniors, Ndindabahizi Emmanuel
was largely pre-occupied by planning the Genocide at national level […] he was tasked
to buy weapons from different countries, he was in-charge of funds that were used to
train the Interahamwe militias across the country. He was in-charge of diverting development funds to finance the Genocide […]”.176
Another former employee re-echoed his role in masterminding the Genocide against the Tutsi:
“[…] that man was a Genocide planner at national level. Tutsi employees in MINIFIN
were not his problem because there were other Hutu extremists in the Ministry that were
176
Interview with his former colleague in MINIFIN, Nyamirambo, November 11, 2017
68
charged with killing them. He dealt with Genocide planning at a higher level, especially
in financial planning of the sinister project.”177
In addition, each government official who supported the Genocide against the Tutsi was assigned a particular Commune/Prefecture to implement the execution of Genocide. Ndindabahizi was assigned the former Kibuye Prefecture where he coordinated Tutsi massacres as
well as overseeing the supply of logistics used in the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.
When RPF stopped the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi, he fled to former Zaire and later to
Belgium. Ndindabahizi Emmanuel was arrested in Belgium on July 12, 2001 on the request of
the former International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). He was transferred to the UN
Detention Facility (UNDF) in Arusha on September 25, 2001.178
His trial began on September 1, 2003. Ndindabahizi was indicted by ICTR with three counts
including Genocide and crimes against humanity (extermination and murder). He ordered
massacres against the Tutsi in the Gasharu cellule, Kibuye Prefecture during the 1994 Genocide. He was also charged of having ordered, organized, incited and supervised the Tutsi massacres, including making public announcements for the mass killings of the Tutsi in general
and some individuals in particular. In this regard, he was a prominent organizer and implementer of the Tutsi massacres in his prefecture of origin - Kibuye. He had commanded authority and control over the soldiers, the Interahamwe Hutu militias, the gendarmes, the
communal police, civilian militias and civilians who were involved in the massacres against
the Tutsi.
His instructions were obeyed. During his case hearing, the Prosecutor argued that he was "liable for the rapes and indecent assaults committed by those under his effective control".179
During his case, he pleaded not-guilty to all the five charges of Genocide and crimes against
humanity before ICTR. The former Minister was charged with Genocide, direct and public
incitement to commit Genocide, extermination, murder and rape as well as the crimes against
humanity.
Interview with his former colleague in MINIFIN, Nyamirambo, November 14, 2017
https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/emmanuel-ndindabahizi/ - accessed on September 20, 2017
179 Ibid
177 177
178
69
He was convicted of all the charges on July 15, 2004 and was given a life sentence.180 He later
appealed against this verdict. However, the Appeals Chamber confirmed the life sentence on
January 16, 2007. On June 27, 2009, he was transferred to Cotonou, Benin to serve his life
sentence following a decision signed on May 18, 2009 by the former ICTR president, Dennis
Byron. The crimes he was convicted of were not committed in his ministry but in his Prefecture.
4.6.2. MINIPLAN Ministers from 1962-1994
This section displays all the Ministers that served the former Ministry of Planning since May
18, 1962 to mid-July 1994 when the 1994 Genocie against the Tutsi was stopped.
4.6.2.1. Habameshi Callixte (May 18, 1962 – February 6, 1963)
Habameshi Callixte was born on September 1, 1932 in Butare. He became Minister of Foreign Affairs and Planning on May 18, 1962 to February 6, 1963 when he became Minister of
Foreign Affairs in the Ministerial reshuffle of February 6, 1963 that also separated the Foreign
Affairs from Planning and renamed Ministry of Planning, Cooperation and Technical Assistance.181
As the country was still facing the effects of the 1959-1960 political crises which ignited total
hatred against the Tutsi, Habameshi Callixte gave the putsch the benefit of the doubt in uprooting hatred and segregation against the Tutsi who worked in the ministry. The few Tutsi
employees who had craved for change, peace and stability saw more segregation and hatred
within the former ministry of Minister of Foreign Affairs and Planning. The working environment became disappointing and dehumanizing because of some Hutu extremists who were
employed in the ministry to implement the MDR-PARMEHUTU hate-ideology which had a
vision of creating “Hutu land” in Rwanda.182
Due to the brutal leadership displayed by Habameshi Callixte, the Tutsi remained defenceless
in the wake of widespread hatred that dated back to the 1959 political crisis. One respondent
http://cnlg.gov.rw/newsdetails/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1782&cHash=2bc0fd4572ad19905e8c9
9e50399aafc - accessed on September 20, 2017
180
181
182
Rwanda’s Parliament archives, consulted December 1, 2017
Interview with former employee, Gikondo, December 1, 2017
70
described his ministry as “a house of hate, a house of retaliation, an environment of fear and
hate instinct”.183
4.6.2.2. Bagaragaza Thaddée (February 16, 1963 – July 27, 1968)
Bagaragaza Thaddée was born in former Nyamugali Commune, Ruhengeri
Prefecture.184 He became Minister of Planning, Cooperation and Technical Assistance on February 16, 1993. He was reappointed on January 6, 1964, then
again on November 9, 1965 and on July 27, 1967 until June 12, 1968.185
As a prominent MDR-PARMEHUTU elite and a Minister, he strongly resented the Tutsi
monarchy. He used to say that “having a Tutsi employee in his ministry was like having a Tutsi renaissance”.186 He was obsessed with ethnicity and hatred against the Tutsi, as he argued
that “Hutu have to get rid of Tutsi in public institutions because they will steal state secrets
and take them to their relatives who had fled the country in 1959.”187
Within the ministry, he was fond of and notorious for spreading anti-Tutsi propaganda – making Tutsi employees permanent victims through constant victimization either at their workplace or in their respective areas of residence. However, the Tutsi employees had to cope with
living under torture and persecution because they had to survive and earn a living.
4.6.2.3. Hitayezu Emmanuel (July 27, 1968 – July 4, 1973)
Hitayezu Emmanuel was born in former Gishamvu Commune, Butare Prefecture.188 On July 27, 1968, the Ministry of Planning appointed him as Secretary of
State in charge of Planning. He was reappointed for different posts during different Cabinet reshuffles: on October 21, 1969, on February 25, 1970 and on February 21, 1972 and served until July 4, 1973 when Major General Juvénal Habyarimana came to
power in a coup d’état.
Ibid
http://www.musabyimana.net/20111229-quelques-photos-des-membres-du-gouvernement-de-la-1erepubique/
185 Rwanda’s Parliament archives, consulted December 1, 2017
186 Interview with former employee, Gikondo, December 1, 2017.
187 Ibid.
188 http://www.musabyimana.net/20111229-quelques-photos-des-membres-du-gouvernement-de-la-1erepubique/ - accessed on December 1, 2017.
183
184
71
Hitayezu Emmanuel’s administration was “savage” in nature because it was based on ethnic
segregation and nepotism based on regions. His term of office was characterized by
milestones of systemic hatred and violence against the Tutsi employees. This was testified by
one respondent who asserted that: “The working relationship between the Hutu and Tutsi employees was characterized by acrimony and hypocrisy because the leadership had nurtured
hatred that started from the 1959 political crisis”.
4.6.2.4. Major Nsekalije Aloys (July 5, 1973 – August 1, 1974)
During the aftermath of the Habyarimana coup d’état, the High Command of the
Army which was headed by General Habyarimana Juvénal who formed a Committee for Peace and National Unity, otherwise known as "the Comrades of July,
5" where Major Aloys Nsekalije was appointed as supervisor of the National
Plan for Development from July 5, 1973 to August 1, 1974.
Major Aloys Nsekalije was also appointed as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation in
the Ministerial reshuffle of June 11, 1975, reappointed on December 8, 1977 until January 8,
1979 when he became Minister of Youth and Sports. On March 29, 1981, he was also appointed as Minister in-charge of Primary and Secondary Education, and later reappointed on
February 8, 1982 and in May 1987. He served in the same institution until January 15, 1989.
He was retired at the rank of Colonel and died in 2009 in Belgium.
4.6.2.5. Mbonyumutwa Jean-Marie-Vianney (August 1, 1973 – June 11, 1975)
On August 1, 1973, the Committee for Peace and National Unity was changed to a civilian
government with four soldiers. However, the Peace and National Unity committee was not
dissolved. Instead, it remained without specific attributions until July 5, 1975 when MRND
was created. The Ministerial team formed on August 1, 1973, where Mbonyumutwa JeanMarie-Vianney was among them as a Minister of Planning and Natural Resources until June
11, 1975 when he was replaced by Nduhungirehe Jean-Chrysostome.
4.6.2.6. Nduhungirehe Jean-Chrysostome (June 11, 1975 – January 8, 1979)
After serving as Minister of Finance and Economy from August 1, 1973 to June
10, 1975, Nduhungirehe Jean-Chrysostome was also appointed as Minister of
Planning in the Ministerial reshuffle of June 11, 1975. On December 8, 1977, he
72
was reappointed in the fourth government and served the ministry until January 8, 1979 when
Mulindangabo Ambroise replaced him.
Like his predecessors, he was a Hutu extremist who under his term of office promoted segregation and hatred against the Tutsi employees. During his term, the Tutsi employees accounted for only 2% of the total employees. This is because he strictly restricted Tutsi employees
below the quota system rate.
4.6.2.7. Mulindangabo Ambroise (January 8, 1979 –January 15, 1989)
Mulindangabo became a Minister of Planning in the fifth government after the first presidential elections under the Constitution of the Second Republic on January 8, 1979. He was reappointed in the Ministerial reshuffle on March 19, 1981 in the seventh government and was
later reappointed in the Ministerial reshuffle in May 1987 where he served until January 15,
1989 during which time Nzabonimana Callixte was appointed to replace him. He a Gikongoro-born Tutsi and was in MRND political party.
He was the only Tutsi that was appointed to head the former Ministry of Planning since the
1962 independence from Belgium. As a Tutsi and member of MRND, he had no authority to
deviate from the party’s ideology that was centered on hatred and segregation against the Tutsi and that promoted regionalism that favored the Hutu from the former Gisenyi and
Ruhengeri Prefectures. A former employee in MINIPLAN described how his hands were tied
while discharging his duties:
“As a Tutsi, Mulindangabo had nothing to do because he had no power to fight
what was happening in the Ministry […]. However, as a professional, he did his
job without discrimination against anybody; he fulfilled his duties diligently and
professionally despite the system he operated in”.189
Another respondent affirmed that “though he was in MRND, he never supported their ideological thoughts and orientation”. On the other hand, another former MINIFIN employee
criticized him for not doing enough to fight MRND injustice:
189
Interview with former MINIPLAN employee, downtown, Nyarugenge district, November 16, 2017.
73
“I know that Mulindangabo helped and supported some Tutsi to get employed in
MINIPLAN but he did not at least fight against the segregation and hatred
against his fellow Tutsi employees […] rather he accepted the injustice practiced
by MRND […]”.190
Mulindangabo Ambroise and his family survived the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi by taking refuge in Mille Collines Hotel.191
4.6.2.8. Nzabonimana Callixte (January 15, 1989 – July 9, 1990)
Nzabonimana Callixte was born in 1853 in the former Nyabikenke Commune,
Gitarama Prefecture. He was appointed as Minister of Planning on January 15,
1989 in the tenth government until July 9, 1990 when Ngirabatware Augustin
replaced him. Callixte Nzabonimana was also appointed as Minister of Youth
and Sports in the interim Government of Rwanda in 1994. He was regarded as an influencial
member of the Mouvement Républicain National pour le Développement et la Démocratie (MRND).192
The Ministry of Planning was run along ethnic lines. The divide between the Hutu and Tutsi
employees was clearly systemic and manifest in his ministry. Segregation and hatred against
the Tutsi employees was part of the ministry’s line of action. This was affirmed by one respondent who stated that: “His Ministerial administration was ethnically-oriented […]
whereby Tutsi employees were targeted”. The same respondent added: “Segregation against
the Tutsi within his ministry was an agenda that every Minister had to comply with without
compromise”. On the other hand, another respondent accused him of segregation: “He practiced hatred and segregation against the Tutsi employees in a covert manner”.
Beyond the ministry, as a member of MRND and minister, he exercised his influence in Gitarama by sensitizing and inciting citizens to fight against RPP-Inkotanyi. He oversaw the training of civilian militias, prepared lists of Tutsi who were to be massacred and the distributed
weapons to Hutu extremist who massacred the Tutsi in Gitarama and other prefectures, from
April to July 1994.
Interview with former MINIFIN employee, downtown, November 16, 2017
https://www.radiyoyacuvoa.com/a/a-18-2005-05-10-voa2-93020849/1265016.html - accessed on October 31,
2017
192 ICTR, Judgment and Sentence, February 25, 2004, Arusha: ICTR
190
191
74
He fled the country in July 1994 and was arrested on February 18, 2008 in Kigoma, Tanzania.
The following day, he was taken to the United Nations Detention Facility in Arusha. He was
accused of conspiracy to commit Genocide, complicity in Genocide, direct and public incitement to commit Genocide, murder and rape as a crimes against humanity, persecution on political, racial and religious grounds as a crime against humanity, inhumane acts as a crime
against humanity, murder and violence to health or to the physical or mental well-being of
civilians as part of an internal armed conflict and outrages upon personal dignity.
On February 20, 2008 during his initial appearance before ICTR, he did not plead guilty to all
of the charges and on May31, 2012. Nzabonimana was sentenced to life imprisonment.
Though he appealed the judgment, on September 29, 2014, ICTR Appeals Chamber upheld
the sentence. He is currently in ICTR custody pending the decision where he will serve his
sentence.
4.6.2.9. Ngirabatware Augustin (July 9, 1990 - January 5, 1994)
He was born on January 12, 1957 in former Nyamyumba Commune, Gisenyi
Prefecture. He was a strong supporter of MRND and a member of the Gisenyi
Provincial Committee for MRND. Ngirabatware is a PhD holder in Economics
from the University of Fribourg, Switzerland. He taught in the former National
University of Rwanda (UNR) from 1986 to 1994. Ngirabatware is also the sonin-law of Félicien Kabuga who was highly allied to President Habyarimana Juvénal, the most
wanted man in Rwanda for committing serious crimes in the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.
He was first appointed as Minister of Planning on July 9, 1990 in the tenth Cabinet and later
reappointed on February 4, 1991 Ministerial reshuffle and on December 30, 1991 as a Minister of Planning and International Cooperation. In another Ministerial reshuffle of April 16,
1992 and July 18, 1993, he was reappointed until January 5, 1994. The role of Ngirabatware
in planning and executing the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi can be analyzed both at ministerial and national levels. At ministerial level, he was at the forefront in supporting the government in planning and masterminding the Genocide against the Tutsi. As Minister and
chairperson of MRND at ministerial level, he sensitized Hutu staff in the ministry on implementing the genocidal. This was corroborated by one of the former employees:
“Ngirabatware Augustin organised and held different meetings within the ministry that incited hatred against the Tutsi employees in the ministry and the Tutsi in
75
general. He tabled the MRND genocidal ideology by informing the ministerial
employees that they should prepare themselves to get rid of the enemy within the
institution and their respective areas of residences”.193
Ngirabatware also coordinated the detention and imprisonment of Tutsi employees who were
suspected of sharing information or financing RPF/RPA. Though other Hutu extremists in the
Ministry were involved, he was one such leader who oversaw the implementation of the government’s sinister agenda in the institution. This was confirmed by one former employee:
“Ngirabatware gave orders to his subordinates who later implemented the plan in conjunction with security operatives”.194 On the other hand, as the then-Minister in-charge of the
country’s planning, he worked closely with the former Minister of Finance and the Minister of
Defense to plan, arm and train paramilitary and civilian militias.195 A former employee corroborated the above information:
“Buying of arms and ammunitions that were used during the Genocide as well as
training of Interahamwe could not have happened without proper planning, therefore, the involvement of MINIPLAN and its former head is a foregone conclusion.
He was a key figure who was instrumental in the logistical planning of the Genocide at national level”.196
Ngirabatware was also a member of the Prefecture Committee of the National Republican
Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND) in Gisenyi Prefecture, the National
Committee of MRND, and the technical committee of Nyamyumba Commune. Thus, he also
incited citizens in Gisenyi Prefecture to execute Tutsi civilians during the 1994 Genocide.
He fled into exile after the country was captured by RPF in mid-July 1994. In exile, he
worked for different research institutes in France and Gabon and he was later arrested in
Frankfurt, Germany on September 17, 2007.197 He was transferred to the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in October 2008. Ngirabatware’s trial started on September 23,
2009. He was found guilty of Genocide, direct and public incitement to commit Genocide and
rape as a crime against humanity on December 20, 2012.
Interview with GMCH at downtown, November 6, 2017.
Interview with NH, Kimironko, 18th November 18, 2017.
195 Ibid.
196 Interview with GMCH at downtown, November 6, 2017
197 https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/augustin-ngirabatware/ - accessed on September 20, 2017
193
194
76
The ICTR Prosecutor had requested for a life sentence for Ngirabatware due to his prominent
role in executing the Genocide against the Tutsi. However, on December 20, 2012, the Trial
Chamber handed him 35 years of imprisonment for Genocide, direct and public incitement to
commit Genocide and rape as a crime against humanity. Ngirabatware appealed the ruling to
the Appeals Chamber whereby he asked for nullification of all charges and therefore his acquittal. The chamber upheld the sentence but did nullify some charges.198
4.6.2.10. Ntagerura André (January 5, 1994 – April 9, 1994)
Ntagerura André was born on January 2, 1950 in former Karengera Commune,
Cyagungu Prefecture.199 He became Minister of Planning and Cooperation in the
transitional government established from January 5, 1994 to April 9, 1994 when
he was replaced by Ngirabatware Augustin. However, he was instead appointed
as Minister of Transport and Communications in the same Cabinet.200
Though Ntagerura headed the Ministry of Planning for a short time, his administration was
also based on ethnic divide between the Hutu and Tutsi. This is shown by the fact that there
was open violence against the Tutsi employees within the Ministry under his leadership which
he never dared to put a stop to or punish those who were perpetrating such acts.
Besides his Ministerial attributions that were characterized by impunity, between January 1,
1994 and July 31, 1994, on many occasions, he held different meetings in Cyangugu that incited the Hutu to exterminate the Tutsi. When the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi ended in
mid-July 1994, he escaped via Goma and went to Cameroon where he was arrested on March
27, 1996 based on the international warrant of arrest that was issued by Rwandan authorities.
ICTR also requested that he continue to be remanded under ICTR court injunction that was
issued on May 17, 1996, and then on August 9, 1996. The ICTR prosecutor issued a first bill
of indictment. The same court issued another arrest warrant against him on August 10, 1996
and he was transferred on January 23, 1996 to the ICTR prison in Arusha, Tanzania.201
Ntagerura was accused of Genocide crimes that include conspiracy to commit Genocide,
complicity to commit Genocide, extermination as a crime against humanity as well as outrages on life, health, physical and mental well-being of person, and cruel treatment against the
Ibid
https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/andre-ntagerura/ - accessed on December 1, 2017
200 Rwanda’s Parliament archives, consulted December 1, 2017
201 https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/andre-ntagerura/ - accessed on December 1, 2017
198
199
77
Tutsi. However, when he appeared before the ICTR court on February 20, 1997, he pleaded
not guilty to all the six charges. On January 29, 1998, a modified bill of indictment was issued because there were other suspects who had similar crimes. ICTR allowed his prosecution
on October 11, 1999 to be herd concurrently with that of Bagambiki Emmanuel and
Imanishimwe Samuel.202
On September 18, 2000, his trial reopened before the Third ICTR Chamber and on February
25, 2004 Ntagerura was found not guilty of all the six crimes. Today, he is in a “safe house”
in Arusha because he failed to find a host country.203
4.6.2.11. Ngirabatware Augustin (April 9, 1994 to mid-July 1994)
Under the “Government of Abatabazi” established on April 9, 1994, Ngirabatware Augustin
was again appointed as Minister of Planning and served until mid-July 1994.204 Before this
second appointment, Ngirabatware played a leading role in planning the Genocide against the
Tutsi by working closely with the Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Defense in purchasing
arms and ammunitions that were used in massacring the Tutsi. He also worked closely with
the two ministries in training the civilian militias (Interahamwe) as well as arming them
across the country – which is why he was reappointed to the same post.
Beyond the ministry and being an influential member of MRND, he also sensitized the Hutu
in Kigali and in his home area (Gisenyi) to exterminate the Tutsi because they were assumed
to be enemies of the country. Thus, Ngirabatware Augustin was in charge of implementing
the Genocide not only within the ministry but also in the entire country.
4.6.3. BUNEP former Director Generals
Since the creation of BUNEP in 1978 as an autonomous project in the former Ministry of
Planning, it had different director generals: four Hutu and one Tutsi.
4.6.3.1. Hategekimana Jean-Damascene
Hategikimana Jean-Damascene was born in former Ruhengeri Prefecture and was the first
Director General of BUNEP. He headed the project from 1978 to 1981. He left the project for
another appointment as Minister of Finance from March 29, 1981 to May 1987.
Ibid
Ibid.
204 Rwanda’s Parliament archives, consulted December 1, 2017
202
203
78
He managed the project along ethnic lines of segregation and regionalism. Above all, segregation and hatred against the Tutsi employees outweighed other forms of segregation and regionalism that was practiced. During his tenure, some Hutu employees without strong support from MRND were discriminated against as well those Hutu employees who did not originate from former Gisenyi and Ruhengeri prefectures. One respondent affirmed the above
information:
“During Hategekimana’s term of office, together with MRND extremists mainly
from the Gisenyi and Ruhengeri, he championed hatred and discrimination
against the Tutsi. He also favored people from Gisenyi and Ruhengeri in terms of
promotions and having access to training for capacity building […]”205
Another interviewee reacted in support of the previous statements:
“During his term of office, his project had only two Tutsi employees out of over
40 employees but they (Tutsi) suffered the wrath of his hatred ideology and segregation. The working environment for the two Tutsi employees was categorically
painful and precarious”.206
Nonetheless, it should be noted that this was MRND’s ideological belief, policy and political
orientation across the country. Regional bias that favored the Hutu from the Northern part of
Rwanda was common practice in terms of getting employment and qualifying for capacity
building seminars.
4.6.3.2. Nduhungirehe Jean-Chrysostome
Nduhungirehe Jean-Chrysostome replaced Hategikimana Jean-Damascene in 1987. He was
born in former Butare Prefecture and was also appointed as Minister of Planning from June 1,
1975, until on January 8, 1979. He became the Director General of BUNEP from 1981 to
1984.
Like his predecessor, his administration was based on ethnicity and regionalism, with a national inclination against the Tutsi and moderate Hutu. One of the respondents affirmed that:
205
206
Interview with DMBU at MINECOFIN, September 29, 2017
Ibid
79
“There was no difference in their administration; they all promoted MRND hatred philosophy”.207 Yet another former BUNEP employee retorted that:
“The aim of the then MRND ruling political party was to stigmatize Tutsi employees in all ways of life because we were perceived as second-class citizens.
Thus, Nduhungirehe could not do the contrary. He had to subscribe to the government’s hate ideology against the Tutsi […]”.208
Under his tenure, the project was marred by regionalism under the influence of the former
President’s Office which promoted the principle of ‘majority employment of majority people’
from former Gisenyi and Ruhengeri Prefectures.
4.6.3.3. Barinda Jean-Bosco
Barinda Jean-Bosco originated from former Gisenyi Prefecture. He headed BUNEP from
1980 to 1984. The findings of the present study indicate that he did not change anything in
fighting the vices of segregation, ethnicity and hatred against the Tutsi employees.
4.6.3.4. Ruzindana Augustin
Ruzindana Augustin was born in former Byumba Prefecture. He also became Governor of
BNR from 1984-1989. The findings of this study indicate that he did not differ from his predecessors’ way of managing BUNEP. Rather, he continued with the same ideological orientation according to which Tutsi employees were viewed as enemies.
4.6.3.5. Mbaguta Jean-Marie-Vianney
Mbaguta Jean-Marie-Vianey was born in 1940 in former Ruhashya Commune, Butare Prefecture. He headed the project from 1986 to 1990. His parents were Gakuba Déograthias and Kabarore Pascasie. Mbaguta was married to Sekarimbwa and they produced only one child
called Yves Delphin Mbaguta, born on December 7, 1970. They lived near former
Nyarugenge Prison, in Nyarugenge Commune, Kigali Ville. He was a bachelor’s degree holder in Economics from the University of Nancy, France. 209
He became the Director General of BUNEP from 1986 until October 1, 1990 when the
RPF/RPA launched its attack on the former Habyarimana’s government. He was the only
207
208
209
Interview with DMBU at MINECOFIN, September 6, 2017
Interview with BIH near RDB building, November 20, 2017
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 5, 2017
80
Tutsi who headed the project since its inception. Though he headed the project, he faced a lot
of resistance from many Hutu employees, especially those who were MRND die-hards. A
former project employee narrated that:
“There was too much hatred against the Tutsi employees […] when RPFInkotanyi attacked on October 1, 1990, all of us Tutsi employees came back to
work until when the 1994 Genocide ended. Even Mbaguta came back.”210
However, the discriminatory environment against the Tutsi employees was different from the
period before October 1, 1990 and the period from October 2, 1990 up to April 6, 1994.
4.7. Genocide execution (April 7, 1994 to mid-July 1994)
This section describes how and when the Tutsi employees started being massacred. It outlines
the list of the Tutsi Ministry staff who were killed during the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi,
showing the complementary details of the massacres. It also shows the list of the perpetrators,
survivors and other victims killed in the Ministry premises.
4.7.1. How, when and where were the Tutsi subjected to being massacred?
The history of discrimination and dehumanization of the Tutsi employees within the former
two ministries with their affiliated agencies dates as far back as 1962 when the Ministry of
Finance was created. By then, planning was one of the divisions in that ministry. However,
during the Liberation War, two Tutsi employees (Karera Valere and Kagorora Thomas) were
the first to be killed, after being held in detention facilities without food, water or health services.
Other Tutsi employees were killed from 7th April 1994 and onwards. They were slaughtered,
clobbered or shot. The findings of this study indicate that the majority of the Tutsi were killed
in their respective areas of residence or and in various locations where they were hiding. Only
two were killed while at their place of work. These included: Bimenyimana Théoneste who
was killed at his office in Gikongoro and Ntamabyariro Faustin who was killed while on mission in Bugesera (see bio data in section 4.7.3).
210
Interview with DMBU at MINECOFIN, November 29, 2017
81
4.7.2. Convicted and un-convicted perpetrators of Genocide in the former ministries
Some former employees in the former Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Planning did not
report back to their respective jobs after the end of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi. The
findings of this study indicate that the majority of the perpetrators live in exile due to the
crimes they committed.
Table 8: Convicted and non-convicted Genocide perpetrators in the former ministries
No
Names
Former ministry
Location
1
Collette (Family name not re- Deputy Director of BUNEP
membered by respondents)
Lives in Belgium
2
Ndahimana Théoneste
Ministry of Finance
Not known
3
Nderere Alphonse
Ministry of Finance (He was a In Mageregere
driver
prison
4
Ndindabahizi Emmanuel
Minister, Former Ministry of Serving his senFinance from April 8, 1994 to tence in Cotonou,
Benin
mid-July 1994.
5
Ngirabatware Augustin
Minister, Former Ministry of Serving court senPlanning from September 9, tence in Cotonou,
1990 to April 9, 1994
Benin
6
Nshimiyumuremyi Adalbert
Ministry of Planning
Lives in Belgium
7
Rutarindwa Honoré
Ministry of Finance
Not known
8
Uwimana Antoine
Ministry of Planning
Lives in Belgium
Source: Primary data, 2017
The above table shows the number of convicted and non-convicted Genocide perpetrators in
the former Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Planning as well as their locations.
4.7.3. Tutsi Genocide Victims in the former Ministries under study
This section shows the victims of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in the former Ministry
of Finance and the Ministry of planning with their affiliated agencies. It shows the personal
details for each victim, where they were killed, the date of death, their assailants, and the relatives of the victims who survived the Genocide. An attempt is made to say whether the victim
82
received decent burial or not and the bio data of the victims before the 1994 Genocide against
the Tutsi. The analysis is on institutional case-by-case basis.
4.7.3.1. MINIFIN Tutsi Genocide Victims.
This sub-section highlights the former Tutsi employees in the Ministry of Finance who were
massacred during the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.
1. Ayabagabo Jean de Dieu
Ayabagabo was born in 1957 in Nyakinama, former Ruhengeri Prefecture.
His father was Mfizi Thomas and his mother was Nyirazikwiye Rozaria. He
was married to Niweburiza Beatrice with whom they produced two children.
Their residence was in Nyakabanda in former Nyarugenge Commune. He attended secondary school at St. Paul seminary and did Latin and Sciences. His
spouse and their two children survived the Genocide but one son died after the Genocide. The
victim’s spouse and their other son, Cyusa Jules Constant, are still alive.211
Ayabagabo worked in the treasury department as an Administrative Assistant from October
30, 1980 with No. 8460 as employment number. He was later promoted to the post of Office
Manager in 1989 in the same department. Before the Genocide, he was imprisoned from October 26, 1990 to March 1991. His former ID in the Human Resource file indicates that he
was a Hutu although he was a Tutsi. 212
He was killed on April 14, 1994 at Nyakabanda, Nyamirambo. The Interahamwe militias
forcefully took him from his home and gunned him down about 150 meters alongside the tarmac road in Nyakabanda. His body was left on the roadside where a lorry that was transporting bodies of the massacred Tutsi picked him to be dumped in an unknown destination. To
date, his family members have been unable to give his body a decently burial.213 The victim
is remembered by his relatives and friends as a social and very loving father to his children
and the entire family.214
Interview with his spouse, Niweburiza Beatrice, September 17, 2017
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
213 Interview with his spouse, Niweburiza Beatrice, September 17, 2017
214 Ibid
211
212
83
2. Bagirigomwa Christophe
He was born in 1955 in Nyange, in the former Mugesera Commune, Kibuye Prefecture. Bagirigomwa was the son of Nderezi Evariste and Nyirantashya Anastasie. He studied at St. Kizito
Secondary School and majored in Latin language and humanities. He worked as a Secretary
with Employment Registration No. 6198. He was married to Mukashyaka Anastasie with
whom they produced one daughter called Munezero, born on July 9, 1985.215
3. Bajeneza Etienne
He worked in the Tax Department at Muhima. He was married and was reported to have two
children.
4. Bajyagahe Alphonse
He was born in 1945 in the former Kibirira Commune, Gisenyi Prefecture.216
His parents were Masabo Nicodème and Nyiratango. He lived in Mumena,
Nyamirambo, former Nyarugenge Commune. He studied at Nyundo Secondary
School and later completed his Advanced Level Certificate at Collège Saint
André. He did his University studies in Kinshasa, former Zaire.217
He started working in the Tax Department in the former Ministry of Finance in 1967. He
worked in various tax departments in the former Prefectures of Gisenyi, Ruhengeri, Byumba,
Butare and Kigali. By 1994, he was the Head of the Tax Division at the Ministry headquarters, registered as Number 2045.218
He was killed on April 14, 1994 at his home at Mumena, Nyamirambo, by the Interahamwe
militias.219 He was killed by Rukundakuvuga Joseph and other Interahamwe militias.220 His
body was decently buried at Gisozi Genocide Memorial Site. He was married to Mukabakun-
215
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October5, 2017
http://kwibuka.minecofin.gov.rw/kwibuka/index.php/profiles/73-bajyagahe-alphonse
Interview with her daughter, Kalishesha Diane, September 18, 2017
218 MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
219 Interview with her daughter, Ibid
220 Interview with former colleague, Nyarugenge district, September 20, 2017
216
217
84
da Pudentienne with whom they produced three children. His spouse and their three children
survived the Genocide against the Tutsi. He loved sports during his free time. 221
5. Bimenyimana Théoneste
Bimenyimana was born in 1958222 in Rwerere, Nyabihu. His father was
Rwabusisi and his mother was Nyirakamagaza. His education qualification
was A2. He was married to Mukabatsinda Anathalie with whom they produced
three children, namely: Manzi Didier, Ingabire Clarisse and Ufitinema
Pacifique. They lived in Gikongoro town. 223
He worked as an accountant in the former Ministry of Finance in the Department of Public
Accounts in former Gikongoro Prefecture with Employment Registration No. 9066.224 According to his file in the Human Resource Department, he had never been promoted until he
was killed in the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.
He was killed before April 20, 1994 while discharging his official duties in Gasaka Sector, in
former Gikongoro Prefecture. He was killed by the Interahamwe militias who used machetes
and clubs. There were five assailants who killed him. One of them was Girukubonye Gallican
who finished his 10 year sentence in former Nyarugenge prison. The other perpetrators currently live in exile. His remains were decently buried in Gasaka memorial site.225 His spouse
survived the 1994 Genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi with three children.226
6. Gahizi Jean-Marie-Vianney
Gahizi was born in 1960 in Nyamirambo.227 His father was Sengati Chrysologue and his mother was Kankindi Collete. His residence was at Mumena,
Nyarugenge. He was still single by the time of his death.228 He had completed
Secondary School education at Pétit Séminaire Kabyayi, Gitarama Prefecture.
He worked in the former Ministry of Finance as a Finance controller with em-
Interview with her daughter, Ibid.
http://kwibuka.minecofin.gov.rw/kwibuka/index.php/profiles/156-bimenyimana-theoneste - accessed
Deccember 17, 2017
223 Interview with his wife, MUKABATSINDA Anatholie, September 16, 2017
224 MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
225 Interview with his wife, Ibid
226 Interview with his wife, Ibid
227 http://kwibuka.minecofin.gov.rw/kwibuka/index.php/profiles/74-gahizi-j-m-v - accessed October 17,
2017
228 Interview with his relative, Mukasano Judith, September 18, 2017
221
222
85
ployment Number 8614.229 He worked in the various Prefectures.230
He was killed on April 13, 1994 at College St. André, by the Interahamwe militias and soldiers. His assailants still remain at large. He was massacred and shot with bullets. Up to now,
his body has never been traced for decent burial. He is remembered as a very humble man.231
7. Gahongayire Marie-Claire
She was born in 1965 in the former Birenga Commune, Kibungo Prefecture. She was the
daughter of Ntabana and Mukayiranga. She studied at Lycée Notre Dame de Citeaux- Kigali.
Gahongayire was recruited on November 2, 1982 as secretary in the General Inspecton of Finance Department at the ministry’s headquarters with employment No. 10012.232
8. Gahunga Gaspard
He was born on March 1, 1957 in the former Gishamvu Commune, Butare
Prefecture. He was the son of Ngirumpatse and Nyirangibwami. He studied at
Karubanda Junior Seminary, Butare where he completed secondary school and
majored in Latin and Language Sciences.
He worked in the Ministry of Finance with employment No. 8124. He started working as a
Secretary in the Tax Department in Butare Prefecture and was later promoted to become an
Administrative Assistant and later headed the the Tax Department in the same Prefecture.233
9. Gakwandi Philippe
He was born on November 29, 1958 in the former Karengera Commune,
Cyangugu Prefecture. He was shot during the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.
Gakwandi was the son of Gakwaya and Kampirwa. He worked in the Treasury
Department with employment No. 8123.234
229 MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
230 Ibidem
232 MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 5, 2017
233 Ibid.
234 Ibid.
86
10. Gakwandi Norbert
He was born in the former Ndora Commune, Butare Prefecture. Gakwandi was born on November 20, 1963. He was the son of Gashonga and Mukantagara. He studied at Kansi Secondary School where he graduated on June 30, 1984 in Economics. His employment No. was
11239. He was killed before he could receive promotion.235
11. Gasana François-Xavier
He was born in the former Gishoma Commune, Cyangugu Prefecture. He
lived in Gikondo and was married to Kalimunda Yvonne with whom they produced two children: Gasana Arnauld and Gasana Jessica.236 He worked in the
Tax Department in the former Ministry of Finance. He was also arrested and
imprisoned many times as an “accomplice” of RPF.237
He was killed at St. Paul and his body was thrown in a nearby gulley. His assailants were the
Interahamwe militias and soldiers. His body was decently buried at Gisozi Genocide Memorial Centre. His spouse survived the Genocide against the Tutsi, along with their two children.238
12. Giramata Sophie
She was born in the former Muko Commune, Gikongoro Prefecture. Giramata
Sophie was the daughter of Sagahutu Jean-Baptiste and Nyirantagorama Anastasie. She studied at Groupe Scolaire de Rugunga where she completed her
studies in Commerce and Economics in 1989.
She worked as an accountant in the Tax Department in Kigali with employment No. 15378.
According to her Human Resource file in MIFOTRA, she got promotion before she died. She
was shot and killed during the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.
13. Habimana Joseph
Habimana Joseph was the son of Muhababo and Mukantagara. He was born in the former
Cyimbogo Commune and lived in Ruganda village. He worked in the Customs Department as
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 5, 2017
Interview with his sister-in-law, Murekeyisoni Benedicte, September 17, 2017
237 Interview with his sister-in-law, Ibid
238 Ibid
235
236
87
customs verification officer with employment No. 13587 and remained in his original role
without promotion.239
14. Hakizimfura Canisius
Hakizimana Canisius was born in 1947 in the former Kamembe Commune, Cyangugu Prefecture. He was the son of Segihana and Kayabo. His ID indicated that he was Hutu. This study
could not definitively confirm whether he was genuinely Hutu or not due to the failure to contact his relatives. However, according to MINECOFIN, he is recorded as one of the Tutsi
Genocide victims. Hakizimfura studied at Christ-Roi College in Nyanza and majored in Greek
and Latin. He resided in Nyarugenge Commune, Kiyovu.240
15. Iyamuremye Innocent
Iyamuremye Innocent was the son of Nzibonera Silas and Nyirabazungu Véronique. He was
born in the former Mulinja village, Muyira Commune, Butare Prefecture, in 1956. He studied
at Collège Officiel and majored in Commerce and Administration. He graduated on June 30,
1978.241
His ID in the Human Resource department file shows that he was a Hutu; however, one of his
former colleagues confirmed that he was a Tutsi. It should be noted that it was common for
Tutsis to change their ethnic identity as way of accessing education and employment.
His Human Resource file indicates that he worked as a tax controller in the Tax Department
in Kigali and was never promoted.242
16. Karangwa Ildephonse
He was born in 1957 in the former Musambira Commune, Gitarama Prefecture.
Karangwa Ildephonse was the son of Mukandanga Godeberthe and Murengera
David. He was married to Mujawamariya with whom they produced two children: Mutuyeyezu Justin who was born in 1988, and Mukashyaka Jeanne who
was born in 1990.243
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 4, 2017
241 Ibid.
242 Ibid
243 http://kwibuka.minecofin.gov.rw/kwibuka/index.php/profiles/79-karangwa-ildephonse - accessed on
October 17, 2017
239
240
88
Karangwa studied at the School of Sciences, Byimana and graduated on July 4, 1977. He
joined the National University of Rwanda (UNR). He served as head of tax controller in the
Customs Department in the former MINIFIN in Kigali with employment No. 8635. His ID in
MIFOTRA archives shows that he was a Hutu but the present study revealed that he had
changed his ethnic identity (Tutsi) as was the case with some Tutsi before the 1994 Genocide
against the Tutsi.244
He was killed on April 7, 1994. His spouse survived the Genocide with their two children.
17. Karera Anastase
He was born in 1956 at Nyagatovu, Mukarange, in the former Kayonza Commune. His father was Gakeri Alexandre and his mother was Nyiramadidagwa
Thérèsie. He was married to Kayitegeye Athanasie with whom they produced
two daughters. His residence was in Nyakabanda, former Nyamirambo sector,
Nyarugenge Commune. He studied at Zaza seminary and later joined the Major
Seminary of Nyakibanda. In 1990, he lived in Remera and was on the list of RPF accomplices. After realizing that they wanted to arrest him, he later shifted to Nyamirambo.245
He worked in “Comptabilite des matières" in the former Ministry of Finance with employment No. 8120.
He was killed on April 9, 1994 near his home. He was forcefully taken from his home by civilian militias and killed at Nyakabanda, Nyamirambo. The assailants killed him by cutting
off his head. His family suspects that his body was decently buried at Gisozi Genocide Memorial Center because all bodies in the place where he was killed were given a decent burial.
His spouse survived the Genocide with their children: Mukayiranga Anita and Bamuyugire
Benita.246
MIFOTRA archives,consulted on October 4, 2017
Interview with his spouse Kayitegeye Athanasie, September 17, 2017
246 Ibid
244
245
89
18. Karera Valère
Karera was born in 1953 in Nyamasheke. His father was Mafaranga Innocent
and his mother was Mukangwije Mamerca. He lived in Rwezamenyo,
Nyamirambo. He was married to Utamuriza Marie-Rose with whom they produced two children. His wife survived the 1994 Genocide against Tutsi and their
two children: Karera Mahoro Nancy and Kampire Victoire.
He worked as customs controller in the Customs Department in the former Ministry of Finance with employment No. 8612. He occasionally worked at the borders of Gisenyi and
Rusizi.247
During the Liberation struggle, he was imprisoned as an RPF accomplice. While in prison, he
was tortured but was later released. However, he died shortly after due to the effects of torture
in 1991. He was decently buried by his family members.248
19. Kagorora Thomas
Kagorora was born on January 31, 1965 in former Gaseke Commune, Kibungo
Prefecture.249 His parents were Rwampeta Mathieu and Mukamazimpaka
Césarie. He was married to Umurungi Médiatrice and together they produced
two children: Kagorora Alain Maxime and Kagorora Lucky Yvan. They lived in
Gatsata.
He attended and completed secondary school at St. Fidèle in Gisenyi. He worked in the Customs Verification Department in the former Ministry of Finance.
He was killed in February 1994 at Gikondo. His assailants are not known and he was killed
while at work. His body has never been traced to be accorded a decent burial. His spouse and
their two children survived the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.250
20. Kayijuka Callixte
Kayijuka Callixte was born in 1963 in the former Rwamatamu Commune, Kibuye Prefecture.
His parents were Simugomwa Silas and Nyiramwami Euphrasie. He was married to MukInterview with his relative Nyiransengimana Jacqueline, September 17, 2017
/ďŝĚ
247
Ϯϰϴ
249
250
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 4, 2017
Interview with his spouse, September 24, 2017
90
abandora Donatien and together they produced two children. His residence was in Mahembe,
Kibuye.
From 1988 to 1990, he studied at the Institut Supérieur en Finances Publiques in the option of
Taxation and got a Diploma.251 He served as an accountant in the Tax Department in the former Ministry of Finance.252
He was massacred on April 7, 1994. He was killed at Nyabugogo with clubs and machetes.
His body has never been traced for a decent burial. His spouse survived the 1994 Genocide
against the Tutsi along with their two children: Rwika Salvator and Sylvie.253
21. Kayishema Théodore
He was born in 1961 in Rwabisindu, in the former Rwamatamu Commune,
Kibuye Prefecture. His parents were Charles and Nyirakanyenzi F. He studied
at Byimana School of Sciences in the “Science option”.
Kayishema was recruited by the former MINEFINECO on December 23,
1980.254 He worked as tax controller in the Tax Department in Rwamagana, former Kibungo
Prefecture with employment No. 8621. He was killed in Rwamagana and his body could have
received a decent burial at Kigarama Genocide memorial site.255
22. Kayitesi Béatrice
She was born on July 5, 1963 in Rwamagana, in the former Rutonde Commune, Kibugo Prefecture. Kayitesi Beatrice was the daughter of Niwemwana
and Gakwaya. He studied at Lycée Notre Dame de Citeaux and specialized in
the field of Economics.
Kayitesi Béatrice was recruited on September 30, 1983 as a secretary in the General Inspection of Finance Department in the former MINIFINECO.256 She was gunned down during the
1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
Interview with his former colleague, Kimihurura, September 20, 2017
253 MINECOFIN achieves, consulted on September 15, 2017
251
252
Ibid.
Interview with MPS, Parliament building, September 27, 2017
256 MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
254
255
91
23. Karasira Innocent
He was born in 1960 at Gitondorero, in the former Muko Commune. Karasira Innocent was
the son of Rwarinda and Nyirankwavu. He attended primary school at the Ecole Normale
Primaire St. Cyprien in the option of Normale Moyenne and graduated in June 1980. He was
recruited on September 1, 1980 in former MINIFINECO as a Secretary with Employment No.
13285.257
24. Karuranga Frédéric
He was born in 1938 in Kiyovu, former Nyarugenge Commune. He resided in
Nyamirambo. His parents were Zikuriza and Nyiranjangwe. He held a Diploma in Commerce. He was director in the Audit Department in the former Ministry of Finance with Employment No. 773.258 He was shot by the Interahamwe militias during the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.
25. Kanyabugande
Kanyabugande was the son of Karuganda and Mujawabahari. He was born in the former Nyabisindu Commune, Butare Prefecture in 1960.
He was a secondary school certificate holder in Biology and Chemistry from Nyanza School
of Sciences. He graduated on June 23, 1988. He also attended the University of Rwanda in the
Faculty of Sciences, Biology option, from 1988-1989 but did not complete his first year. He
was an Assistant Writer in the former Ministry of Finance.259
26. Lionçon Ferdinand260
He was born in 1969 at Kawangire village, Rukara, in the former Kibungo Prefecture. Lionçon Ferdinand was the son of Sentama and Nyirahumure. He studied at St. Aloys Rwamagana School where he got an Ordinary Level Certificate
in Economics and Commerce. He graduated on June 29, 1989.261
257
MIFROTRA archives, consulted on October 5, 2017
Ibid.
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 4, 2017
260 On MINECOFIN list of Genocide victims, the names appears as “LIYONSO” but MIFOTRA files
shows Lionçon
261 MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
258
259
92
He was killed at the Nemba border with Burundi in Bugesera where he worked in the customs
department as customs verification officer with employment number 15606.262 His body has
not been traced for decent burial.
27. Mbayiha Eugène
Mbayiha Eugène was the son of Ngombwa Simon and Nyirabatware Théodore.
He was born in the former Butambamo cell, Nzahaha Sector, Gishoma Commune, Cyangugu Prefecture. Mbayiha was born in 1961. He attended Mushaka
Primary School and he did secondary education in Economics at Ecole
Economique et Sociale de Kansi in Butare and graduated in 1982. He also graduated from the
Institut Supérieur des Finances Publiques in Commerce and Accounting in 1990. He was still
single by the time of his death and his residence was in Nyamirambo, former Nyarugenge
Commune.
He worked as the tax inspector of Fiscal Tax in Gikongoro and Butare, with employment No.
10517.263 When the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi happened, Mbayiha was working at the
Ministry of Finance headquarters in the Tax Department. He was a human rights advocate and
used to belong to different human rights associations.264 At work, he was highly segregated
and tortured by his Hutu extremist workmates who used to nick-name him “Kigeli I” because
they perceived a resemblance.
He lived with his brother Mbanda Eustache, who was killed with him. Before they were
killed, the Interahamwe told them that they were going to make them suffer. The assailants
even looted their home materials until the house was empty. Later on, the Interahamwe set up
a roadblock at the gate of their house to prevent them from moving. In the same building
where they were living, there were also other Tutsis who were taken one-by-one to be killed
and left behind but with an intention intention of showing the brothers that they could come
back and kill them at any time.
They were killed on the evening of Saturday June 26, 1994. They were shot dead and dumped
in a pit but they did not die immediately. Later, some Interahamwe militias came and found
out that they were still alive and they immediately killed them using grenades. His body was
Ibid
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
264 Interview with his former colleague at work and university, Kimihurura, September 20, 2017
262
263
93
decently buried at Gisozi memorial site. He will always be remembered for his respected
character.265
28. Muhigana Nkusi Jean
He was born on June 8, 1962 in Byahi, in the former Gisenyi Prefecture. Muhigana Nkunsi Jean was the son of Muhigana Callixte and Mukamurara. His
Employment No. was 14532. He studied at E.N.S.F.A.B in the option of Finance in Kinshasa, former Zaire.266
29. Mugwiza Vénant
Mugwiza Vénant was the son of Kazimbaya and Mukanyenga. He was born on November 14,
1966 in the former Rutongo Commune, Kigali Ville. He studied Economics and Commerce at
St. Aloys Rwamagana School and graduated on June 24, 1988.
He worked in the former MINIFINECO with employment No. 13954. His Human Resource
file shows that he was a Hutu though he was a Tutsi according to the present study’s findings.
He had changed his identity to become Hutu reportedly for reasons of survival.267
30. Mukamurigo Théodosie
She was born on May 13, 1966 in Rwamiko, in the former Kibayi Commune,
Butare Prefecture. Her parents were Ntawuzibiramuka and Uzarama. She was
an Assistant Secretary with employment No. 13922.
She completed secondary school at Lycée Notre Dame de Citeaux and graduated on June 24, 1988. 268
31. Mukaramushi Pierre-Claver
Mukaramushi Pierre Claver was the son of Bugingo and Maseko. He was born in
Rwimishinya, in the former Rukara Commune, Kibungo Prefecture in 1955. He was married.
He worked as an administrative assistant in the Tax Department at Muhima offices with employment No. 7076. His ID in the Human Resource file in MIFOTRA shows that he was a
/ŶƚĞƌǀŝĞǁǁŝƚŚŚŝƐďƌŽƚŚĞƌ͕ ĚŵŽŶĚ͕^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌϮϱ͕ϮϬϭϳ
Ϯϲϱ
Ibid.
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
268 MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
266
267
94
Hutu but the study’s findings indicate that he was a Tutsi. He held an Ordinary Level Certificate in Topography studies from Murambi School.269 He lived in Muhima, in former
Nyarugenge Commune, Kigali Ville.
32. Mukaremera Immaculée
She was born in 1962 in Ngoma, in the former Butare Prefecture. She was
murdered by the Interahamwe militias.
33. Mucyo Eustache
Mucyo Eustache was the son of Mucyowintore and Uzanyamaberuka. He was born on May
26, 1955 in the former Mbazi Commune, Butare Prefecture. He completed his secondary
school in Bujumbura, Burundi, majoring in Latin and Sciences. He worked as administrative
assistant in the former Ministry of Finance with employment No. 9077.270
34. Mukashema Anne-Marie
Mukashema Anne-Marie was born in 1965 in Ruvumbu Village, in the former
Rwamatamu Commune, Kibuye Prefecture.271 Her father was Kayijuka Aloys
and her mother was called Mukangirumwami Agnès. Mukashema attended
Muramba Nuns’ school where she graduated and obtained a Secondary School
Certificate in Economics and Commerce.272 She was recruited as a Teller in the Tax Department within the former Ministry of Finance at the Ministry’s headquarters in Kigali. She resided in Gatsata during her service. By the time the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi began,
she was a single-mother with a son named Muhire Jean-Paul who survived the 1994 Genocide. She gave birth to the above son with Nsengimana Jean de Dieu – also a Tutsi Genocide
victim who worked in the former Ministry of Finance.
Apart from being tortured at her work place together with fellow Tutsi colleagues, her parents’ home was searched on the pretext that she collaborated with RPF-Inkotanyi. The Genocide against the Tutsi broke out when she was in Kibuye on a work mission and so she was
Ibid.
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 5, 2017
271 http://kwibuka.minecofin.gov.rw/kwibuka/index.php/profiles?start=85 – accessed October 29, 2017
272 MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 5, 2017
269
270
95
murdered in Nyange, former Kibuye Prefecture. Her body has never been found to be accorded a decent burial.273
35. Mukayitesi Françoise
She was born on July 1, 1967 in Nyagihunika in the former Kanzenze Commune, Nyamata. Mukayitesi Francoise was the daughter of Birota Léodomir
and Kabagwiza Rosarie. Mukayitesi resided in Maranyundo.
Mukayitesi studied at the Ecole Normale Primaire of Zaza and graduated on
June 29, 1989. Mukayitesi Francoise was administrative assistant in Customs Department and
had employment No. 16932.274 She was massacred in Nyamata church, Bugesera.275
36. Murasi Ignace
Murasi Ignace was the son of Kanyandekwe and Kamugwera, born in Shyorongi Commune,
Kigali, in 1946. He studied at St. Paul Seminary School in Kigali and majored in Greek and
Latin. He graduated on July 5, 1966.
He was married to Mukamugema with whom they produced four children: Murasi Prime who
was born on June 21, 1973, Murasi Second who was born on May 13, 1975, Murasi Trine
who was born on February 20, 1978 and Murasi Marine who was born on May 4, 1981. He
worked as a store keeper in Customs Department and his employment No. was 2420.276
37. Munyangeri Damien
He was born in 1965. His father was Sebihobe and his mother was Nyirakinanira. His residence was in the former Gitarama Prefecture. He worked as tax controller in the Tax Department in the former Gitarama Prefecture.
He was killed in May 1994. He was first stabbed by metallic devices and later hit by a club on
his head in Gitarama. His body was decently buried. His wife and their children plus three
other relatives survived the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi. He will always be remembered
for his reserved character.
Interview with her young sister Mukasine Agathe, September 17 2017
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 4, 2017
275MINECOFIN archives, consulted on September 19, 2017
276 MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
273
274
96
38. Munyemana François
He was born in Rusororo, Kabuga in 1966. Munyemana Francois was the son
of Kimonyo and Madamu. He was a secondary school certificate holder and
majored in Mathematics and Physics.
He was recruited in MINIFIN on March 12, 1990 as an Assistant Secretary
with employment No. 15330.277 He was killed near the Muslim Cultural Centre in Nyamirambo where he was hiding.278
39. Murara Jean-Pierre
Murara Pierre was born in 1958 in Mutare, in the former Ngoma Commune.
His father was Ngirabega Oswald and his mother was Harelimana Josée. He
resided at Sahera, former Butare Prefecture. He worked in the Customs Department as a Customs Controller in the former Butare Prefecture. Murara
studied at Karubanda Junior Seminary in Butare. He was married to Kayitesi Hycinthe.
He was stabbed to death in Mukura, Butare Prefecture, in May 1994. His body was thrown in
a pit latrine. The body was exhumed and decently buried at Sahera Memorial Site. His spouse
survived the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi, along with his children and his three sisters.279
40. Murekezi Fidèle
Murekezi Fidèle was born in 1960 in Shingamuri Cell, Masoro Sector, former
Rutongo Commune, in the current Rulindo District. His father was Ibambasi
Jean and his mother was Musanganiye Véronique. He was married to Kanyamibwa Christine, and together, they produced two children: Murangira Kirezi
Dominique Savio and Murekezi Cyizere Don-Bosco. He studied at Byimana School where he
obtained his Ordinary Level School Certificate. He went for further studies in France where
he obtained a Bachelor degree.280
Ibid.
MINECOFIN archives, consulted on September 20, 2017
279 Interview with his sister, September 14, 2017
280 Interview with his wife at Muhima, September 17, 2017
277
278
97
When he completed secondary school, he started working in the former Ministry of Finance in
the Tax Department with Employment No. 9406.281 He started the job at the Ministry headquarters in 1981 and was then transferred to Gisenyi where he worked until 1986 before returning to Kigali for a few years. In February 1990, he was transferred to Cyangugu as the
Chief Tax Controller where he headed the Tax Department in former Cyangugu Prefecture.282
While in Cyangugu, Murekezi faced torture together with his wife Kanyamibwa Christine
who was pregnant. They were beaten severely to the extent that they were unable to walk.
They were also arrested and imprisoned. When they were released, the institutional car he
had in Cyangugu was withdrawn from him without any official detail. He was also denied using his personal car without producing a“Feuille de route” under the pretext that he was a
Tutsi.283
They were especially targeted by a soldier named Manishimwe Emmanuel who knew that
Murekezi Fidèle’s wife had refugee parents in former Zaire. Knowing her background, the
soldier spread information amongst other Hutu extremists in Cyangugu that she was a Tutsi.
As a result, Murekezi and his wife were condemned under the pretext that his wife came to
spread RPF-Inkotanyi ideology in Rwanda.284
In 1993, RTLM broadcasted rumors that Murekezi had gone to Bukavu to meet the Inkotanyi.
For a second time, RTLM broadcasted that “Inyenzi called Murekezi who is a Tax Controller
is chairing meeting of Inkotanyi in one of the hotels in Gisenyi” but on that day, Murekezi was
in Kibuye to attend a football match between Kibuye and Cyangugu Football Clubs. For the
third time, on the eve of Easter, RTLM radio broadcasted that Murekezi was holding a meeting and that the participants were all Tutsi. The radio station also mentioned their names, yet
this was not true. The radio station also faked the names of those who were attending the
meeting, declaring that some of these were Tutsi who were planning to kill Hutu. Murekezi
was ranked first on the list.285
In the morning of April, 6 a group of soldiers searched Murekezi’s home, seemingly with an
intention of killing him but instead they asked him for money. On April, 7, he and his family
escaped. Murekezi headed for the Carmelita Nuns’ Congregation which was close to his
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
MIFOTRA archives, October 6, 2017
283MIFOTRA archives, October 6, 2017
284MIFOTRA archives, October 6, 2017
MIFOTRA archives, October 6, 2017
281
282
98
home. He left the place when one of the nuns had given information to the new prefect Bagambiki Emmanuel - that Murekezi was hiding there. He joined his wife and other Tutsis at
the residence of Bishop Ntihinyurwa Thaddée who refused to save him.
On April 16, a group of soldiers surrounded them with heavy weapons. Because of that, they
headed for Cyangugu Cathedral and Bishop Ntihinyurwa and the soldiers tracked them until
they reached Kamarampaka Stadium. There, Prefect Bagambiki Emmanuel, prosecutors,
business men, the police and soldiers came with a list of Tutsis who were termed as “Inkotanyi zikomeye” literally meaning “strong Inkotanyi”. Murekezi was once again the first on the
list.286
On April 16, 1994, Murekezi and his fellow Tutsi were killed with machetes by the Prefect,
soldiers and the Interahamwe in Gatandara, Cyangugu. Before they were killed, they were
taken to the gendarmerie office where they were imprisoned for some hours. They were killed
and their bodies were thrown in a toilet belonging to one of the victims named Habimana
François. Before throwing them in that toilet their hearts were removed and eaten fresh by the
Interahamwe militias.287 Their beheaded bodies were taken around all corners of Nyakarenz,
demonstrating to the Hutu that the great ‘Inyenzi’ who used to be heard on RTL and accused
of preparing to kill Hutus, were now dead. Even the victims’ corpses were tortured; as the
population that attended this exhibition was looking on and allowed to do whatever they
wished to the bodies, including beating them.
His body was decently buried in Cyimbogo Sector. His spouse survived the 1994 Genocide
against the Tutsi, alongside their two children.288 Murekezi will be remembered as a football,
volleyball and basketball player. He was the Captain of the basketball team and Treasurer of
Cyangugu Football Club. He had won many sports medals.289
41. Murenzi Augustin
Murenzi Augustin was born on March 29, 1941 in Rutare, in the former Byumba Prefecture.
His parents were Mbonyi and Numugore. Murenzi was married to Mutwakazi who was born
in Mwendo. He was a Secondary School Certificate holder and majored in Greek and Latin at
MIFOTRA archives, October 6, 2017
MIFOTRA archives, October 6, 2017
288 MIFOTRA archives, October 6, 2017
289 Interview with his wife at Muhima, September 17, 2017
286
287
99
Nyundo Junior Seminary. He was recruited on September 1, 1966 in MINIFIN as administrative assistant at former Byumba Prefecture with Employment No. 1614.290
42. Musonera Oswald
Musonera was born in 1944 in the fomer Kabarondo Commune, Kibungo Prefecture. His father was Kamangu Pierre and his mother was Mukankusi Rose.
He attended Rwinkwavu Primary School where his father was a teacher and
completed his secondary schooling at Zaza Juniour Seminary. He was married
to Kayisire Edisa who originated from the former Muhazi Commune in former Rwamagana
Sous-Prefecture. They had seven children: Musonera Beata, Musonera Gilbert, Nyiratunga
Consolée, Musemakweri Jean-Pierre, Ibambasi Patrice, Willy Brord Rudatsikira and Musanganire Georgette. He lived in Nyarugunga, in former Kanombe Commune.
Before joining the former Ministry of Finance, he worked at Rwinkwavu Mines for two years.
Musonera served as an agent of Customs Services at various border posts including Kagitumba, Gatuna, and the then Kanombe Airport. When the Genocide against the Tutsi broke
out, he was working at Gisenyi border. The Genocide started when he was on an annual leave
at his home in Kigali- Kanombe.
Musonera and his wife were killed on April 7, 1994. He was slaughtered near his residence by
the Interahamwe militias. They were attacked by soldiers and the Interahamwe. They took
refuge in their house which was later burnt down. Their children decided to escape to the
neighbors who chased them out, unfortunately. His wife was raped before she was killed. The
children were bombed and cut with machetes except his elder daughter who was thrown alive
into a pit. Musonera was killed at his home in Kanombe together with almost all his family
members since they were all present to celebrate one of his children’s baptism party. Musonera, his wife and the children received a decent burial in the Nyanza Genocide Memorial
site, Kicukiro district.291
290
291
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
Interview with his son Gilbert Musonera held at Kagarama, Kicukiro district , September 18, 2017
100
43. Muterahejuru Jean-Baptiste
Muterahejuru Jean-Baptiste was born in 1955 in the former Huye Commune,
Butare Prefecture. His parents were Nsabimana and Nyirahabineza. He was
married to Mukamurara and they had four children: Nsengimana who was born
on October 2, 1981; Nshimiye who was born on March 21, 1983; who was born
on January 18, 1985 and Numutesi who was born on July 13, 1987.
He worked in the Tax Department from December 29, 1977 as an Assistant Secretary at Muhima offices with Employment No. 6902. His Human Resource file in MIFOTRA indicates
that he was a Hutu.292
44. Mugabo Albert293
He was the Deputy Tax Controller in the former Cyangugu Prefecture. In Cyangugu, Mugabo
faced torture together with his boss Murekezi who was also a Tutsi. He was even arrested in
1990 during the wave of imprisonment of the Tutsi who were accused of collaborating with
RPF Inkotanyi. He and Murekezi were accused of collaborating with a man named Valerie
who was the Director of the Customs Department and who was a Tutsi.
In 1993, some names of Tutsis who were considered as great traitors in Cyanangu were read
on RTLM radio, and Mugabo’s name was among those which were heard. When the 1994
Genocide against the Tutsi began, Mugabo escaped to Cyangugu Cathedral where unfortunately on April 16, 1990 a group of soldiers came and surrounded them with heavy weapons
and they were frog-marched to Kamarampaka Stadium where Préfect Bagambiki Emmanuel,
the prosecutors, businessmen, police men and soldiers came with the list of Tutsis (strong
Inkotanyi) to be killed.
Mugabo and his fellow Tutsis were killed in a place called Gatandara in Cyangugu. Before
they were killed, they were taken to the Gendarmerie and imprisoned there for some time.
They were later killed and their bodies thrown in a pit latrine of one of the victims named Habimana François. This was done after their hearts had been removed and eaten fresh by the
292
293
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
On MINECOFIN list of Genocide victims he appears as MUGABO Abel which was a mistake.
101
Interahamwe militais. Mugabo was buried at Cyimbogo Sector together with Murekezi
Fidele.294
45. Mukeshimana Thadhée
Mukeshimana Thadhée was the son of Semafaranga and Uwambaye. He was born in 1965 in
Biko village, in the former Gisovu Commune, Kibuye Prefecture. He studied at the Ecole
Economique de Muramba and majored in Economics and Commerce. He graduated on May
30, 1987. He worked as finance controller in the Customs Department in Kibuye and his Employment No. was 13287.295
46. Muyoboke Daniel
Muyoboke Daniel was the son of Secyondi Tharcisse and Nyiragukura Anastasie. He was
born on March 18, 1945 in the former Nyaruhengeri Commune, Butare Prefecture. He worked
as Office Messanger and his Employment No. was 2416.296
47. Mwumvaneza Juvénal
Mwumvaneza Juvénal was born in 1954 in Rwinyambo, in the Shyanda Commune, Butare
Prefecture. He was the son of Rwanayagahene and Nyiramana. He worked as store keeper and
his Employment number in the former Ministry of Finance was 9278.297
48. Ngabonziza Alexis
He was born in Gikondo in 1963 in the former Nyarugenege Commune. Ngabonziza Alexis started working in the former MINIFINECO on December 22,
1987 as an Assistant Secretary with Employment No. 1963.298
Interview with a neighbor, August 19, 2017
Ibid.
296 Ibid.
297 Ibid.
298 MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 5, 2017
294
295
102
49. Ndayambaje Léon
He was born in 1964. He worked in the Budget Department. He was killed on April 9, 1994.
299
50. Ndemezo Gonzague
He was born in 1966 in Nyamiyaga, in the former Muyira Commune, Butare Prefecture. His
father was Buhozozo Vianney and his mother was called Ngenzi Veneranda. He was single
and lived in Nyamirambo. He was the last born in his family. He studied at Byimana School
of Sciences and majored in Mathematics and Physics. He graduated on June 30, 1989.
He had worked as customs controller in the Customs Department in the former Ministry of
Finance in the former Nyarugenge Commune with Employment No. 17012.300 He was killed
in May 1994 at Nyamirambo Police Station. He was tortured to death by the former Presidential Guards. His body was decently buried.301
51. Nsabimana Télesphore
Nsabimana Télesphore was the son of Bakundufite and Nyiranshuti. He was born on December 31, 1955, in Kinkanga, in the former Rusatira Commune, Butare Prefecture.
By the time of his death, he had completed secondary school in Pedagogy in former Zaire. He
was hired on December 4, 1981 as an assistant secretary with Employment No. 9488. Also his
Human Resource file indicates that he was a Hutu.302
52. Ngendahimana Jaffet
Ngendahimana Jaffet was the son of Burasa and Mukandekezi, born in the former Murama
Commune, Gitarama Prefecture. He studied at Ecole Economique et Sociale de Kansi in the
former Butare Prefecture. He graduated on July 2, 1982. Ndahimana served in the former
MINIFINECO with Employment No. 10021.303 In his secondary school education, he was
nicknamed Saidi. He was a good footballer and played in the school’s team.
http://kwibuka.minecofin.gov.rw/kwibuka/index.php/profiles
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
301 Interview with his relative, September 19, 2017
302 MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 7, 2017
303 Ibid.
299
300
103
53. Ndengiyingoma Shirikisho Jean-Bosco304
He was born in 1964 in Gatsata. His parents were Ndengiyingoma Roger and Mukamihigo
Juliette. He lived in Kicukiro. He had studied Automobile Mechanics. He was still single by
the time of his death and lived with his family.305
He was a driver in the former Ministry of Finance in Magerwa. Like all other Tutsis, he was
also tortured from 1990-1992 and accused of being RPF accomplice. He was killed in 1994
along the Nyabarongo River, which is where his body was thrown. He was massacred using
machetes by his Hutu colleagues. His body has never been accorded a decent burial because
he was thrown in the river.306
54. Ngamije Léon
He was born in 1964 in Ntarama, Bugesera. His father was Karari Charles and
his mother, Nyankobwa Euphrasie. When he completed his primary school in
Ntarama, he was denied the right to join secondary school. He opted to join a
Seminary and passed the test of the Catholic Church, thus, becoming eligible
for priesthood. He studied at Ndera Junior Seminary. He lived in the suburb of
Gikondo. He worked in the Budget Department with Employment No. 12349.307 He was still
single by the time of his death.
He worked at the Headquarters in the Budget Department. In 1990, after a long period of service, he asked his boss (Minister Cyubahiro) for assistance to start university studies. The
Minister accepted his request, so he joined the Institut Supérieur des Finances Publiques at
Mburabuturo where he graduated. The 1994 Genocide started a few months when Léon had
just completed his studies.
He was probably killed by his fellow students with whom they studied on April 9, 1994 at
Mburabuturo, Gikondo. He was buried alive in a landfill and then stoned to death using heavy
metals and stones. His body was decently buried in Nyanza Genocide memorial site in Kicukiro district.
On MINECOFIN list of Genocide Victims, he appears as Shirikisho as the only name. The study
found out his other names.
304
305
306
307
Interview with his sisters, Uwimpundu Ndengeyingoma & Uwamahoro Liliane, September 16, 2017
Ibid
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
104
He will always be remembered for his dislike and resentment of any mistreatment and human
rights abuse, which is why he was a member of numerous human rights associations. 308
55. Nkulikiye André
He was born in 1954 in Nyaruguru, in the former Prefecture.309 His father was
Rwakunda François and his mother, Mukamuzima Béatrice. He lived in Gatsata, in former Nyarugenge Commune. He studied in Nyakibanda Major Seminary.
He worked as an accountant in the Department of Public Accounting in the former Ministry of
Finance and was jailed three times. On the morning of April 7, 1994, the Interahamwe Hutu
militias and the Police surrounded his home. They ordered him to open the door as he and his
families were still inside the house. They refused to open the door and so the attackers threw
several grenades through the windows.310
Shortly after, the leader of Gatsata Sector, Gahigi François, arrived, leading a group of armed
Interahamwe who forcefully opened the door and took all his money that he had received as
monthly salary the day before. The following day, the Interahamwe with the Sector leader
came back and killed him using traditional weapons. He was killed on April 8, 1994 at his
home in Gatsata. He was beaten, clobbered and stoned to death. The assailants were Kagorora, and Gahigi who is in Mageragere Prison.311
His wife and children escaped but later came back and and managed to bury him. However,
his remains were later taken to Gisozi Genocide Memorial Site. 312 His children - Mugabo
Aimable, Mukeshimana Benitha, Muhizi Lambert, Jacqueline and Mukandayambaje Symphrose - survived the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi by escaping to Burundi. The survived
mother met her children one year later after the Genocide was halted.313
Interview with his sister Udusabire Marie, September 15, 2017
http://kwibuka.minecofin.gov.rw/kwibuka/index.php/profiles/98-nkurikiye-andre
310 Interview with his wife Mukandayambaje Symhrose, Sept 13, 2017
311 Ibid
312 Ibid
313 Interview with his wife Kanyamibwa Christine, September 14, 2017
308
309
105
56. Nkumbuye Juvénal
Nkumbuye Juvénal was born in 1958 in the former Kigome Commune,
Ruhengeri Prefecture.314 His parents were Munyangango Joseph and Kankindi
Cansilde. He was married to Gasengayire Alice with whom they produced three
children - Nkumbuye Olivier, Munyangango Audace and Ngaboyisonga Oreste.
They lived in Gikondo. Nkumbuye Juvénal worked as customs controller in the Customs Department in the former Ministry of Finance, at Kanombe Airport in the Civil Aviation Department.
He was killed on April 11, 1994 at ETO Kicukiro, Kigali. His body was decently buried. Fortunately, his spouse and three children survived the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi. He is
remembered as a person who loved his family and other people in general. He was cheerful,
humble and always smart. He loved to discharge and responsibilities on time.
57. Nkusi Jean-Paul
Nkusi Jean-Paul worked in the Customs Department at Muhima.
58. Nsengimana Jean de Dieu
Nsengimana was born in 1965 in the former Rwamatamu Commune, Kibuye
Prefecture. He was the son of Nyamusherengwa Sebastien and Majangwe Anastasie. He completed secondary school at Nyundo Minor Seminary. He continued to St. Fidèle University where he got a Diploma in Management and Accounting. He was married to Nzasangamariya Christine who was also killed during the 1994
Genocide. His spouse was killed while pregnant as they were waiting to give birth to their
first new-born. Nonetheless, he was blessed with a child he produced outside the wedlock
with Mukashema Anne-Marie – also a Tutsi Genocide victim who worked in the former Ministry of Finance. Their son is called Muhire Jean-Paul who currently resides at Gikondo,
Kicukiro District, Kigali City.
Nsengimana lived in Nyakabanda sector in the former Nyarugenge Commune, Kigali Ville.
He started working in the former MINIFIN on June 11, 1986 as an Assistant Secretary with
314
http://kwibuka.minecofin.gov.rw/kwibuka/index.php/profiles/97-nkumbuye-juvenal
106
Employment No. 12105.315 He was killed in Nyakabanda together with his spouse. Their bodies were decently buried at Kigali Cenocide Memorial Centre.
59. Nsengimana Gaspard
Nsengimana Gaspard was the son of Nzabarinda and Nyiramirimo. He was born
in 1956 in the former Nyarutovu, Ruhengeri Prefecture. He was married to Kantarama with whom they produced three children - Numuhire, Mwizerwa and
Ingabire Denise. He resided in Bwisha.
He held a Bachelor’s degree in Chemistry from the National University of Rwanda. He graduated on October 6, 1982. His file in MIFOTRA indicates that he was employed as a Secretary with Employment No. 12157. His ID shows that he was a Hutu but the findings of this
study show that he was a Tutsi.316
60. Ntamabyariro Faustin
He was born in 1956 in the former Kibuye Prefecture. His parents were Mutunge and Nyirabahizi. By the time of his death, he had completed secondary
school education. He was married to Mukandori Josephine with whom he had
two children - Niyomugabo Eric and Niyonsaba. They lived at Nyakabanda,
former Nyarugenge Commune. He was a driver in the former Ministry of Finance.
He was killed in April 1994 in Bugesera while on a work mission. His spouse and their son,
Niyonsaba Justin survived the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.317
61. Nyiragapasi Jeanne
She was born in 1969 in the former Rwerere Commune, Gisenyi Prefecture. She
was the daughter of Ndutiyabo and Nyirahabineza.318 She was married to
Bizimana in 1984. They lived in Gitega Sector, Nyamirambo Commune, Kigali
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 5, 2017
ϯϭϳ Interview with his son, Niyonsaba Justin, September 19, 2017
318 MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October6, 2017
315
316
107
Prefecture and they had three children - Mutabazi, Mutarushwa and Nshizirungu.319
She studied commerce and administration in Kinshasa in former Zaire. She was employed in
the former MINIFIN from 1983. She worked in the Procurement Department as procurement
officer at the Ministry’s headquarters with Employment No. 9833.320
She was killed at her home in Gitega with her husband by a perpetrator called Kayitani, who
died in prison. Their bodies have never been traced for decent burial. However, all their children survived the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.
62. Rangira Ephrem
He was born on March 23, 1929 in Miyove in the former Kinihira Commune,
Byumba Prefecture.321 His parents were Kayinamura and Elizabeth. He was
the only son amongst five sisters. In 1952, he got married to Mukagafurama
Cecile with whom they produced nine children - Rangira Arthur, Rangira
Jeanne, Rangira Alphonsine, Rangira Momtfort, Rangira Eugène, Rangira
Anne Marie, Rangira Madeleine, Rangira Félicité and Rangira Bernadette. Only six of these
survived the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi. He also had 24 grandchildren. He lived in
Ngoma, Butare town, in the former Butare Prefecture.322
He studied in the Major Seminary of Kabgayi where he wanted to become a priest but he was
denied the chance because he was the only son in his family. He then continued with his education at Groupe Officiel de Butare, majoring in Management. He worked as a Financial Controller in the former Ministry of Finance in charge of former Butare, Gikongoro and Kibuye
Prefectures. His Employment No. was 17815. When the Genocide against the Tutsi started in
1994, he was on retirement.
He was killed on July 27, 1994. He was forcefully taken from his home together with wife,
Mukagafurama Cécile, their child and other guests who were at his home. They were killed
after being tortured and taken around the whole town of Butare. They were killed in the ‘Arboretum’ forest of the former national University of Rwanda.
MINECOFIN archives, consulted on September 19, 2017
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
321 http://kwibuka.minecofin.gov.rw/kwibuka/index.php/profiles/103-rangira-ephreme
322 Interview with his children Rangira Madeleine & Rangira Anne Marie, September 15, 2017
319
320
108
In 1997, his body was found and decently buried at his home. Later on, his body was exhumed and decently buried in the Genocide Memorial Site in Ngoma. His spouse was also
killed during the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi. The following children survived the 1994
Genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi: Rangira Eugène, Rangira Madeleine, Rangira Bernadette, Mujawamariya Anne-Marie and Umurerwa Jeanne d’Arc.
Rangira Ephrem will be remembered as a person who loved helping vulnerable people, especially the elderly as shown by his contribution in constructing a home for the elderly in Tumba, Butare town.
63. Renzaho François-Xavier
He was born on October 8, 1965 in the former Sake Sector, Kibungo Prefecture. His parents were Shirimpaka and Nyirabahire. He held a Bachelor’s degree in Economics from the former National University of Rwanda (UNR).
He was married to Umurungi Marie-Assumpta with one child. They lived in
Kabeza, Remera.323
He studied at Zaza Junior Seminary and obtained an Ordinary Level School Certificate. He
later continued with his studies at ISFP and got a Diploma in Accounting.324 By 1994, he was
the Director in charge of Taxes in the former Ministry of Finance.
He was killed on April 10, 1994. He was gunned down by soldiers at Kabeza, Remera. His
body was decently buried at Gisozi Genocide Memorial Site. His spouse and one daughter,
Iriza Gisèle Mugeni survived the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.325 He is remembered as a
staunch Christian who loved to pray every Sunday.
64. Rutagambwa Narcisse
Rutagamwa Narcisse was born in 1947 in the former Mwendo Commune, Kibuye Prefecture.
His parents were Musoni and Nyirahame. Rutagambwa studied at Nyundo Minor seminary,
specializing in Greek and Latin. He worked in the former MINIFINECO as a secretary in
former Kibuye Prefecture from December 15, 1969 with Employment No. 2628.326
Interview with his spouse, Umurungi Marie-Assoumpta, September 17, 2017
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 5, 2017
325 Interview with his spouse, Ibid
326 MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
323
324
109
65. Rwagasana Jean-Baptiste
Rwagasana Jean-Baptiste was the son of Makuba Mathias and Sasanduzi Madeleine. He was
born in the former Rutongo Commune, Kigali Prefecture in 1961 and lived in Gatsata. He was
married to Mugorewase and they produced two children: Icyimpaye and Niyigena Thierry.
Rwagasana studied at CHM Byimana School and graduated on June 28, 1980 with a Secondary School Certificate. He was recruited on November 23, 1982 as administrative assistant
with Employment No. 14801. His human resource file indicates that he was Hutu.327
66. Rwakayigamba Jean-Marie
Rwakayigamba Jean-Marie was the son of Sebahutu and Nyiraromba and was born in 1937 in
the former Nyakizu Commune, Butare Prefecture. He was married to Mukarugira Emmerentiana and they had four children - Rwagasana who was born on December 30, 1962;
Rwagasana Roger who was born on October 30, 1964; Rwagasana Rose who was born on October 3, 1965, and Rwagasana Rosalie who was born in 1968.
He served the former MINIFIN from January 1, 1973 and his Employment Number was
52270.328
67. Safari Christophe
He was born in 1968 in Rwamagana, in the former Kibungo Prefecture. He
worked in the former MINIFIN with Employment Number 16479.329 He was
shot dead at St. Paul by the Interahamwe militias. He is remembered as a
sportsman who used to play basketball in ISFP/Imburabuturo.330
68. Sendakize Gaspard
Sendakize Gaspard was born on July 24, 1954 in Gafumba. He lived in Kidaho Commune,
Ruhengeri Prefecture. Sendakize was the son of Nshizirungu and Renzaho. He was a Second-
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 5, 2017
329 MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
330 MINRCOFIN archives, consulted on October 9, 2017
327
328
110
ary School Certificate holder in Humanities, Musanze. He worked as administrative assistant
in the Customs Department in Ruhengeri with Employment Number 4265.331
69. Sengiyumva Gaspard
He was born 1957 in the former Commune Ndusu, Ruhengeri Prefecture.332
70. Semvubu Alphonse
Semvubu Alphonse was the son of Sakindi and Muhongayire. He was born in the former
Nyruhengeri Commune, Butare Prefecture on December 12, 1962. He lived in Murambi
Commune.
He completed his secondary school studies at Butare Minor Seminary in the option of Latin
and Sciences. He started working in the former MINIFINECO on July 22, 1982 as an administrative assistant with Employment Number 9717.333
71. Sugira Innocent
Sugira Innocent was born in 1957 in the former Commune Giciye, Gisenyi Prefecture. He worked in the procument department at the Ministry’s headquarters.
Sugira was shot dead during the Genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi. 334
72. Uhawingoma Adrien
He was born in 1961 in the former Satinshyi Commune, Gisenyi Prefecture.
Uhawingoma Adrien was the son of Nyamwigema Antoine and Kandirima Julienne. He lived in Kigali, Nyarugenge Commune. Uhawingoma studied in former Zaire, from 1974 to 1978 in Masisi. From 1978 to 1981 he joined St. Kizito
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
http://kwibuka.minecofin.gov.rw/kwibuka/index.php/profiles/124-nsengiyumva-gaspard
333 MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
334 http://kwibuka.minecofin.gov.rw/kwibuka/index.php/profiles/106-sugira-innocent
331
332
111
Institute at Mweso and majored in Pedagogy.
He worked as administrative assistant in MINIFINECO in former Gisenyi Prefecture from
May 25, 1987 with Employment No. 12803.335 He was shot dead by the Interahamwe militias
during the 1994 Genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi.336
73. Uwimana Faith
She was born in 1964 in Remera sector, in the former Nyamagabe Commune,
Gikongoro Prefecture in 1963. Her parents were Munyandamutsa and Kamuzima.
Uwimana studied at Kigeme School. She held a Secondary School Certificate in
Pedagogy and graduated on July 1, 1982. She worked as customs inspector in the
Customs Department in Gikongoro with Employment Number 13677.337
The former MINIFIN operated two projects – The Tax and Customs Reform Project and the
Public and Private Enterprises Restructuring Project. However, no Tutsi worked there.
4.7.3.2. MINIPLAN Tutsi Genocide Victims
This sub-section shows the former Tutsi employees who worked in the former Ministry of
Planning and who were massacred during the 1994 Genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi.
1. Boy Suleyman
Boy Suleyman was born in 1945 in Nyanza, former Butare Prefecture.338 His father was
Ndekezi Assouman and his mother was called Harima. He lived in Chahafi, former
Nyarugenge Commune. He worked in the former Ministry of Planning.
He was killed on April 14, 1994 at Cyahafi, in the former Nyarugenge Commune. The Interahamwe militias massacred him with his brother who lived with him. He body has never
been found for decent burial. His spouse and their two children survived the 1994 Genocide
against the Tutsi.339
ϯϯϱ MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6,
2017
ϯϯϲ MINCOFIN archives, consulted on October 9. 2017
ϯϯϳ MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 5, 2017
338
339
http://kwibuka.minecofin.gov.rw/kwibuka/index.php/profiles/115-boyi-suleyman
MINECOFIN archives, consulted on September 19, 2017
112
2. Gasana Hyacinthe
He was born in 1960 in Nyarugumba, in the former Gikongoro Prefecture. His
father was Gasana Herbert and his mother, Mukarubayiza Julienne. He was
married to Uwamariya Francine and produced three children - Kwizera David,
Masezerano Daniel and Mahoro Marceline. He lived at Kabeza, in former Kanombe Commune. He worked in the Department of Statistics at Muhima with
Employment Number 16872. As per his education background, he had A3.340
Before the 1994 Genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi, he was one of the Tutsis who were
tortured by his Hutu colleagues in Gisenyi and Bugesera. He was killed on April 15, 1994 by
throwing him in a landfill alive at Kabeza. After three days, he was found alive and then
slaughtered by the Interahamwe militias. His body was given a decent burial at Nyanza Genocide Memorial Site in Kicukiro district. His spouse and their three children survived the 1994
Genocide against the Tutsi.341
He was a staunch Christian. He was one of the leaders in the Assemblies of God at Kabeza.
3. Hategekimana Joseph
He was born in the former Kinyamakara Commune, Gikongoro Prefecture.
Hategekimana was the son of Sekimonyo Francois and Kantamage Flora. 342 He
was employed as Administrative Secretary in the Statistics Department with
Employment Number 11066343 in Kigali. When the 1994 Genocide against the
Tutsi broke out in 1994, he was the Head of Division in the Statistics Department.344
4. Karekezi Samuel
He was born in the former Masango Commune, Gitarama Prefecture in 1952.
He was slaughtered by the Interahamwe militias. He worked in the Statistics
Department at Muhima headquarters. He was married and lived in Gisozi. His
spouse survived the 1994 Genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi.345
340
341
Interview with her spouse, Uwamariya Francine, September 18, 2017
Interview with her spouse, Ibid
MINECOFIN archives, consulted on September 19, 2017
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 5, 2017
344 Interview with JN at NISR headquarters, October 5, 2017
345 Ibid
342
343
113
5. Kayumba Eugène
Kayumba Eugène was born in 1956 in Kimirehe Sector, in the former Rusatira
Commune, Butare Prefecture. His parents were Médard Kagujye and Cécile
Nyabibona. He was still single by the time he died.
He had a Secondary School School Certificate in Languages from the Groupe
Scolaire Indatwa. He worked as a driver in the former Ministry of Planning, former Kibungo
Prefecture. He was killed in Kigali by unknown Interahamwe militias and his body has never
been traced to receive a decent burial.346
6. Mukadisi Fébronie
Mukadisi Fébronie was born in 1940 in Ruhondo village, in the former Mbogo
Commune, Kigali-Ngali. She was the daughter of Rugerinyange Gregoire and
Nyagahoze Bernadette. 347
She completed three years of schooling in Ecole de Monitrice. She worked as a
Secretary/ Copy-typist in the Statistics Department at Muhima. She lived in Kigali, in former
Nyarugugenge Commune.
She was killed in Kayumbu, Bugesera. Her two children survived the 1994 Genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi. The perpetrators were not identified and her body was not found to be
given a decent burial. She loved dancing and music.348
7. Mukamurenzi Cacilde349
She worked in the Statistics Department in Kigali. She was married and had two children and
lived in Nyamirambo.
8. Mwumvaneza Mugabo Jean-Claude
He was born in 1964 in Bugesera, Ntarama.350 His father was Nsengiyumva
Cléophas and his mother, Bazirete Colette. Mugabo was single by the time he
was killed. He lived in Kigali. He studied Mechanics and started working with
Interview with a relative, September 24, 2017
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 5, 2017
348 Interview with her relative Justine, September 15, 2017
349 Not on MINECOFIN list of Genocide victims
350 http://kwibuka.minecofin.gov.rw/kwibuka/index.php/profiles/95-mwumvaneza-mugabo-jean-claude
346
347
114
MINIPLAN from 1990 to 1994. He served as driver at MINIPLAN headquarters.
During the Liberation War, he was jailed two times. When the 1994 Genocide against Tutsi
started, he left Kigali and escaped to Butare where he was unfortunately killed on April 20,
1994 in Ngoma, Butare. His body has not been traced to receive a decent burial.351
9. Ndarasi André
He was born in 1956 in the former Musange Commune, Gikongoro Prefecture.
His father was Senkware Frédéric and his mother, Kankindi Cansilde. He lived
at Karugira in Gikondo and was still single by the time he met death.
He attended primary school at Kaduha Primary School and joined Kabgayi Secondary School. He did not complete secondary studies because he was chased away in 1973,
during which period the majority of the Tutsi students were expelled from schools in Rwanda.
He later went to Burundi to continue with his studies. During vacation in Rwanda, he received
a lot of threats from his neighbors, accusing him of being politically affiliated with Tutsis in
exile. During the 1993 political party crisis, specifically on the day when Bucyana was killeda member of CDR political party - the Interahamwe arrested him as an accomplice of RPF.
He worked in the Expropriation Division, Statistics Department at Muhima.352 He was killed
on April 7, 1994. He was killed at Karugira, Gikondo. The Interahamwe militias stabbed him
to death by using a sword. His body was decently buried at Gisozi Genocide Memorial Site.353
10. Ndayambaje Pierre
Ndayambaje Pierre was born in 1953 in the former Nyarugenge Commune, Kigali Ville. His father was Gapfizi Paul and his mother, Mukandekezi Euphrasie. He was married to Umuhoza Annonciata with whom they produced four
children - Uwizera Solange, Ndayambaje Pierre, Uwambajimana Liliane and
Uwitonze Diane. He and his family lived in Gitega, former Nyamirambo sector, Nyarugenge Commune. 354
351
Interview with his sister, September 27, 2017
Interview with his sister, Kimihurura, September 29, 2017
353 Interview with his sister, Kimihurura, September 29, 2017
354 Interview with his wife, Annonciata Umuhoza, September 15, 2017
352
115
He worked in the former Ministry of Planning as a driver. Sometimes, he could drive the Minister. When the 1990 Civil War started, he was prohibited from driving the Minister because
of being Tutsi.
In 1990, he was arrested as an accomplice of RPF-Inkotanyi but was not jailed. He was betrayed by the Sector Head whose name was Ndayambaje Paul. When the Genocide began, he
started he hid himself around his home and luckily a neighbor sheltered him.355
His rescuer, Emmanuel, later on was recruited in the ranks of the Interahamwe. He betrayed
him and took him to the slaughter place. On arrival, the Interahamwe quarreled as to whether
he should be killed or spared. On that day, they eventually let him free and he hid in his kitchen. The following, four Interahamwe militias came to search his dead body at his house because they were doubtful about his death. On arrival, they saw him and debated whether he
should be killed or not. His generosity saved him, because the Interahamwe recognized it and
decided to not kill him. This, because he used to give a ride to their patients to the hospital.
Meanwhile, the Interahamwe militias who rescued him decided to take him to Emmanuel’s
mother, Verediana, who finally said, “Enough is enough, I cannot tolerate a Tutsi smelling
inside my house.” She decided to call the Interahamwe militias who took him again to the
killing place where he was shot dead.356
His rescuer - Emmanuel - was also killed by Ndayambaje J. Claude and they are in serving a
prison sentence in Mageragere prison. The parent of his rescuer - Verediana and Nikuze who played a part in his death died in prison.
He was killed on April 28, 1994 in Gitega. 357 He was sot with a bullet but did not die immediately. Later he was slaughtered and his body was dumped in landfill. His body was decently
buried at Gisozi Genocide Memorial Site. His spouse and four children survived the 1994
Genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi.358
Ibid
Ibid
357 http://kwibuka.minecofin.gov.rw/kwibuka/index.php/profiles
358 Interview with his wife, Annonciata Umuhoza, September 15, 2017
355
356
116
11. Nsengimana Elie
Nsengimana Elie was born in 1957 in the former Gikomero Commune.359 His
parent was Mukagakire Bernadette. He lived at Musha, former Gikoro Commune. He was married to Uwimana Immaculée with whom they produced four
children. He first worked as a driver in the Ministry of Commerce, Industries
and Promotion of Investments in Tourism and Cooperatives.360 He was then
moved to the Statistics Department, MINIPLAN in 1990 at Muhima.
He was killed on April 13, 1994. He was gunned down at Musha Catholic Church in former
Gikoro Commune. Over 5000 Tutsi were killed in Musha Catholic Church. The perpetrators
were the Interahamwe, gendarmerie and communal police.361 At the church, there is a Memorial Genocide Site which hosts 20, 704 bodies of Tutsis killed during the 1994 Genocide
against Tutsi. The victims were killed in different former sectors of Bicumbi Commun Rwamashogosho, Cyimbazi, Runyinya, Gahengeri, Mwurire, Fumbwe and other places.362
The remains of Nsengimana Elie’s body were decently buried at Musha Genocide Memorial
Site. His wife survived the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi and their two children - Ishimwe
Elie-Ange and Izere Ange-Nicole.
12. Nyoni Gustave
Nyoni Gustave was born on August 20, 1963 in the former Butaro Commune
(current Burera District), Ruhengeri Prefecture.363 His was the first born of
Nyoni Innocent and Nyirababeruka Marie. He got married in 1990 to
Uwanyirigira Christine; they produced two children - Kanyange Umuganwa
Fidela and Rwema Honore Gustave. They lived in Rugenge, in former
Nyarugenge Commune.364
Nyoni Gustave did his secondary school education at Petit Séminaire de Kabyayi. He was always ranked in the first position. Despite that, he was not considered for a scholarship due to
the quota policy of ethnic balance. He later won a scholarship - after succeeding in an internahttp://kwibuka.minecofin.gov.rw/kwibuka/index.php/profiles/100-nsengimana-elie
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
361 Interview with his wife, Annonciata Umuhoza, September 16, 2017
362 Interview, Ibid
363 MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 5, 2017
ϯϲϰ
/ŶƚĞƌǀŝĞǁǁŝƚŚŚŝƐƐŝƐƚĞƌƐ͕hŵƵŬĂďLJĂŐĂũƵĚƌŝĞŶŶĞΘDƵŬĂƚĂŵƵŶŝ:ƵƐƚŝŶĞ͕^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌϭϳ͕ϮϬϭϳ
359
360
117
tional exam - to study at the Institut Africain et Mauricien de Statistique et d’Economie Appliquée (IAMSEA). He majored in Statistical Works Engineering at IAMSEA.365
He started working in the former Ministry of Planning in 1983 with Employment No. 14331.
He was frequently tortured at work by Hutu extremist colleagues especially after the attack by
RPF on October 1, 1990. He was imprisoned many times together with his Tutsi colleagues
who were accused of being accomplices of RPF.
On May 14, 1994 he was taken from his home by a group of militia sent by Nyirabagenzi
Odette - former Conseiller of Rugenge - and taken in car and ever since, he did not return
home. He was killed on May 24, 1994. His body has never been traced to be accorded a decent burial. His spouse and two children - Umuganwa Kanyange Fidèle and Rwema Nyoni
Honoré Gustave - survived the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi. His father - Nyoni Innocent –
and his three brothers, Nyoni Jean Felix, Nyoni Marie Alexis and Migwenyero Egide José,
one sister Umuhorakeye Marie Léontine were also killed during the Genocide. Only his
mother, one brother and two sisters survived the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.
He was an active member of the Kanyarwanda Association, a civil organization that abhorred
injustice. He will be remembered as a humble and cheerful person who loved to play guitar
and a fan of Kiyovu Sport Football Club. He was resilient in character.366
13. Pawo Paul
He was born in 1963 in Gifumba village, in the former Mushubati Commune,
Gitarama Prefecture. Pawo was the son of Mukandera Mariane and Nakabwa
Faustin. He did his ordinary secondary school education (Tronc Commun) at St.
Joseph Kabgayi. He worked in the Statistics Department in the former KigaliNgali Prefecture and was hired on December 3, 1985 with Employment Number 11999.367
His date and place of death are not known.368
ϯϲϱ MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 5, 2017
ϯϲϲ Ibid
367
368
Ibid.
http://kwibuka.minecofin.gov.rw/kwibuka/index.php/profiles/102-pawo-paul
118
14. Rubashinkwaya Bonaventure
Rubashinkwaya Bonaventure was born on June 13, 1969 at Remera hill in the
former Kigarama Commune, former Kibungo Prefecture. He was the son of
Nsanzimana Martin and Kankindi Anastasie. He held a Diploma in Finance and
started working in the former MINIPLAN on November 16, 1992.369 He was
killed near Sainte Famille by General Laurent Munyakazi.370
15. Rugiraganwa Frederick
He was born in 1969 in Rusororo, Kabuga.
16. Rutazigwa Ignace
He was born in 1945 in Birenga, in the former Mugambazi Commune, Kigali
Prefecture.371 His parents were Muriza Jean and Nyiranturuturu Adèle. By the
time of his death, he had completed secondary education and obtained a Diploma in Pedagogy. He was married to Harerimana Marie and produced seven
children - Kayirangwa Clodette, Udahemuka Velentine, Uwineza Jean-Bosco,
Umugwaneza Marie Claire, Rwema Aimable, Mwizerwa Viviane and Muhire Adrien. They
resided in Rwabuye, Butare town, in former Butare Prefecture.372
He worked in the Statistics Department in Butare with Employment No. 2119. In 1993, he
was arrested and tortured for a long period in Karubanda prison in Huye district. He was
killed in 1994 in Rwabuye, Butare town and his body has never been traced to receive a decent burial.373
17. Rutikanga Jean-Pierre
He was born in 1957 in Rusagara Sector, in former Mbogo Commune, KigaliNgali Prefecture. His parents were Bucyisi Jean-Pierre and Mukamanzi Sorenne.
He was married to Uwizeye Marie-Claire with whom they produced two children - Irebe Aurole and Niyonsaba Jean-Bosco. They lived in Gatenga, KicuMIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 5, 2017
http://kwibuka.minecofin.gov.rw/kwibuka/index.php/profiles/112-rubashinkwaya-bonaventure
371 http://kwibuka.minecofin.gov.rw/kwibuka/index.php/profiles/104-ritazigwa-ignace
372 Interview with his daughter Mwizerwa Vivine, Rwarutabura Cell, Nyamirambo Sector, September
19, 2017
369
370
373
Ibid
119
kiro.
He attended secondary school. The late was employed as a driver in the Ministry of Planning.
He was killed on April 15, 1994 at Muhima near former Nyarugenge prison. He was gunned
down by prison wardens. His body was buried at Gisozi Genocide Memorial Site. Only his
spouse and their daughter - Irebe Aurore as well as his two sisters - survived the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi. They currently live in Gatenga, Kicukiro District. He loved playing
football and was a fan of Kiyovu Sports Club.374
18. Sefaranga Albert
He was born in 1957 in former Birenga Commune, Kibungo Prefecture. Sefaranga Albert was
the son of Sefaranga Pasteur and Mukamunana Geramaine. He studied at St. Kizito Junior
Seminary of Zaza. He later joined Nyakibanda Major Seminary where he studied for two
years from 1976 to 1978.
He worked in the former Ministry of Planning at the Ministry’s headquarters with Employment No. 7078. He worked in the Macro-Economic Department as an Economic Analyst, a
position he held until he was killed during the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.375
19. Twagiramungu Issa
He was born on May 1, 1962 in Biryogo, Nyamirambo. His parents were Twagirayezu Déo
Aboulkalim and Uwiremye Rehma. He lived in the former Kibuye Prefecture. He was a graduate from EAMUSEA University. By the time of his death, he was still single but had paid
marriage dowry, two days before his death.376
He worked as a Data Collector in the Statistics Department in former Kibuye Prefecture.
From the time he got employed, he never received any promotion or transfer to any other department.377
He was killed on May 20, 1994 by a grenade while he was on his escape route to former Zaire
via Lake Kivu. His former Hutu employee had assisted him to escape but unfortunately the
Interahamwe militias followed him and killed him using a grenade which they threw into the
Interview with spouse, September 25, 2017
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 6, 2017
376 Interview with his two sisters, Biryogo, September 14, 2017
377 Interview with a former colleague, September 14, 2017
374
375
120
boat he was travelling in. His body drowned in Lake Kivu.378 He will always be missed for his
gentle and cheerful character and a fan of football. He also loved everybody around him.
20. Twagirayezu Alexis
Twagirayezu Alexis was born on July 26, 1960 in Nyakabanda in the former
Kigali Ville. His parents were Twagirayezu Aloys and Icyimpaye Marie-Rose.
Their residence was in Kimicanga, Kacyiru. He did his primary school at Kabyayi and joined Kabgayi Major Seminary but he was discriminated against and
tortured, which is why he suspend his education. He joined Ririma College and
later EAMUSEA University. In 1991, he got married to Kagaba Chantal with whom they produced two children - Twagirayezu Vanessa and Twagirayezu Alexis.379
He worked in the
Statistics Department as Director of Statistics in Kigali.380
He was killed on April 7, 1994 by the Presidential Guards at Hotel Méridien. He was shot.
There is scanty information regarding where his body was thrown. His spouse was also killed
during the 1994 Genocide against Tutsi but their children - Twagirayezu Vanessa and Twagirayezu Alexis - survived the 1994 horrific massacres. 381
21. Uwamariya Marie-Louise
Uwamariya Marie-Louise was born in 1965 in Gisagara, in former Butare Prefecture.382 Her parents were Rubangura Joseph and Mukarutamu Alphonsine.
She was the first daughter. In 1992, she got married to Mugabo Jean-Louis
who was also employed by MINIPLAN. They had one child and lived in
Nyamirambo.
She worked in the Statistics Department in the former Ministry of Planning at the Ministry’s
headquarters. She was amongst the Tutsi ministry staffs that were shortlisted for supporting
RPF. She was at one time detained at Nyamirambo Stadium.
All of her family members were killed on April 7, 1994 at their home, formally known as
‘Caisse Hypothécaire’. She was killed in Nyamirambo. She was shot dead and slaughtered
Ibid
Interview with her daughter, Twagirayezu Marie Louise, September 14, 2017
380 Ibid
381 Ibid
382 http://kwibuka.minecofin.gov.rw/kwibuka/index.php/profiles/108-uwamariya-m-louise
378
379
121
with machetes and her assailants tied her neck with a belt. She will be remembered as Godloving person who was steadfast in prayer.383
22. Uwimbabazi Agnès
She was born in 1959 in Mabanza, in the former Kibuye Prefecture. Her parents were Karekezi Kabera and Kabazayire Régine. She completed eight years
of primary education. They lived in Cyahafi, Kigali. 384 She got married in
1983 and gave birth to one child called Akayezu Marie Noëlle. 385She was a
Librarian in the former Ministry of Planning. During the 1990-1994 Civil
War, she was imprisoned in former Nyarugenge on the accusation that she was an RPFInkotanyi accomplice.386
She was killed on April 10, 1994 with other Tutsis. She was slaughtered at Mpazi, Kimisagara. Her body has never been found to receive a decent burial. All her family members were
massacred during the 1994 Genocide. Only her one child - Akayezu Marie Noëlle - survived
the 1994 Genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi.387 She will be remebered for her reserved
character who was committed to prayer. 388
Although there are some other Genocide victims on the MINECOFIN list of Genocide victims
who worked in the former two ministries, their details could not be traced from their relatives
or from MIFOTRA Human Resources Department. In this regard, the study was unable to
trace the particular ministries they worked in. These include:
Table 9: Victims without contacts
No
Surname
Given name
01
No surname
Bernardin
02
No surname
Bosco
03
No surname
Damien
Interview with her brother, Kicukiro, September 17, 2017
http://kwibuka.minecofin.gov.rw/kwibuka/index.php/profiles/109-uwimbabazi-agnes
385 Interview with her daughter Akayezu Marie Noelle, September 17, 2017
386 Ibid
387 Ibid
388 Ibid
383
384
122
No
Surname
Given name
04
Haguma
Etienne
05
Kayisire
Lambert
06
Kayumba
Bosco
07
Mbonimana
Appolinaire
08
Mbonimpa
Alphonse
09
Ndahiro
Callixte
10
Ngirimana
Jean
11
Nkundabatenda
Felecien
Source: Primary data, 2017
The above table shows the Genocide victims whose relatives could not be traced for interviews. Their files were untraceable in MIFOTRA.
4.7.3.2.1. BUNEP Genocide Victims
This project was affiliated to the former Ministry of Planning. It had five Tutsi employees two
of whom were massacred during the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi. They included:
1. Litararenga Godfroid
He was born in 1957 in Bugesera. He was shot. He worked in the Bureau National d’ Etudes des Projets in the Construction Department which was under
the former Ministry of Planning. He served as an Accountant and maintained
this position the initial date of his employment.
2. Mbaguta Jean-Marie-Vianney389
Mbaguta was born in 1940 in Gatovu, in former Ruhashya Commune, Butare Prefecture. He
was the son of Gakuba Déogratias and Kabarore Pascasie. He was married to Sekarimbwa and
On MINECOFIN list of Genocide victims, he appears as Mbaguta Jean-Marie but the study found
out that he was called Mbaguta Jean-Marie-Vianney
389
123
they had one child called Yves Delphine Mbaguta. He was born on December 7, 1970. He
lived near former Nyarugenge Prison, former Nyarugenge Commune.
Mbaguta had a university Bachelor’s degree in Economics from University of Nancy, France.
390
He worked in the former BUNEP project with Employment No. 2163. He was first em-
ployed as the Head of the Planning Unit in 1983 and later become BUNEP’s Director General
in 1986.
4.7.3.2.2. PINAS Genocide Victims
The present study found that, since its inception, PINAS had no Tutsi employees. The reason
was that the salaries in this project were very attractive compared to those in the ministry. No
such salary and benefits were meant for Tutsi employees. Only Tutsis with particular skills
and knowledge expertise - not possessed by any Hutu - were legible to be employed in lucrative project.
4.7.4. Other Ministries’ Victims Killed During the Genocide
This section highlights Hutu victims of the 1994 Genocide who were killed because they were
opposed to the perpetration of the Genocide against Tutsi. One name surfaced conspicuously
and was mentioned by many respondents - Nsengiyumva Leonard aka Mukombozi. This person originated from Gikongoro. He was a Hutu employee in the former Ministry of Finance
who was killed during the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi. He was killed because he had
close relationships with the Tutsi and was partisan to PSD. He was killed in Kamembe, in
former Cyangugu Prefecture.391
4.7.5. Locations where Tutsi employees were massacred
The majority of the Tutsi employees in the former Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Planning as well as BUNEP were killed in their respective areas of residence and/or homes or in
surrounding environs, as well as in hideouts. On the other hand, three were killed while on
work mission in former Butare, Bugesera and Gitarama Prefectures. Some Hutu employees
were prevented from leaving their homes by the Interahamwe militias who operated within
their zones across the country.
390
391
MIFOTRA archives, consulted on October 5, 2017
Interview with a wife of his former colleague, August, 19, 2017
124
Other Tutsi employees - in the ministries - were killed while on the run for safety. Those who
had taken refuge in schools and churches, were also killed there. During the 1994 Genocide
against the Tutsi, there was no safe place for hiding. Public places in Kigali where some Tutsi
employees were killed included: St. André secondary school, St. Famille, Eto-Kicukiro vocational school and one who killed at Musha Catholic Church.
4.7.6. Weapons used in killing Tutsi employees
The weapons used to exterminate Tutsi employees in the two former ministries and BUNEP
were of three categories - classical, traditional and rape as tool of perpetrating violence and
Genocide.
4.7.6.1. Classical and traditional weapons
The weapons mainly used to Tutsi staff in the ministries were the same as those used across
the country. Tutsi victims were killed with firearms bought by the State. Others were killed
using traditional weapons which were either domestically owned by the perpetrators or supplied to them by the genocidal government. Classical weapons used in perpetrating violence
were grenades, small arms and light weapons while traditional weapons included machetes,
impiri (clubs), sticks, swords and knives. Some were also killed by drowning, arson (torching
houses/property) or barehanded assault. However, the findings of this study show that the majority of the Genocide victims in the two former ministries were killed by the use of machetes.
The above finding is corroborated by government statistics according to which traditional
weapons were largely used in massacring Tutsi in the entire country. Statistically, the most
common means of murder were committed by using machetes (37.9%), clubs (16.8%), and
firearms (14.8%).392 Some of these traditional weapons were supplied to Hutu extremists
slightly before and during the course of Genocide. These weapons were acquired from two
main sources – a prominent businessman called Félicien Kabuga and other prominent business people in the country.
4.7.6.2. Rape as a weapon: An institutional untold ordeal
The findings of this study indicate that some of the former female employees, or the employees’ daughters, were sexually abused or raped during the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.
This sexual violence was used with the intent of exterminating or destroying, in whole or in
392
Rutayisire, The History of Genocide, chap. 4
125
part, the former ministerial employees and their relatives. A respondent tagged as MD1117
argued that, “Women and girls who worked in the former Ministry of Finance and Planning
suffered rape violence but they feared to testify their atrocity. I know it, it happened […].”393
It was committed either by their former Hutu employees or other Interahamwe militias who
were either known or not to the former Tutsi employees. The aim was not to further the extermination process of the Tutsi employees in particular, and the Tutsi ethnic group in general.
The act of Genocide rape done to the Tutsi employees was largely ignited by the media propaganda that incited the Hutu to hate Tutsi women in particular. This is attested by RUR1017
who said that, “Violence against Tutsi women was first taught in the 10 Hutu Commandments
against the Tutsi, therefore, raping Tutsi girls and women was a planned act.”394 Violence
against women was portrayed by the media through print and radio. The print media that incited violence against women was Kangura; RTLM broadcasted similar messages on radio. It
was largely taught and diffused through the 10 Hutu commandments against the Tutsi. This
media propaganda portrayed Tutsi women as untrustworthy – which is why Tutsi women employees in the former MINIFIN and MINIPLAN could not have escaped such sexual violence.
Generally, across the whole country, it is estimated that between 200,000 and 500,000 women
faced sexual abuse during the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi.395 Thus, sexual abuse and rape
were used as a tool to exterminate Tutsi. Like the women and girls who worked in the two
former ministries with their affiliated agencies, the effects of this abuse were felt by all female
victims. Some victims were infected with HIV/AIDS intentionally so that they would die
gradually. Such victims did not only face the wrath of the disease but also the disease has had
socio-psycho effects such as forced impregnation.
4.7.7. Preparatory Meetings of the Genocide against Ministries’ Tutsi employees
The section below explains the meetings that were organized in both ministries which aimed
at planning the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi. However, the aim of these meetings was
twofold: (1) to buy weapons to be used in the Genocide and (2) to organize how to kill Tutsi
employees. The meetings organized to buy weapons were highly sensitive and they took place
Interview with DM1117, at Kimihurura sector, September 16, 2017
Interview with RUR1017 at Rwanda Revenue Authority, October 15, 2017
395 Rutayisire P., & Byanafashe D., History of Rwanda: From the Begnning to the End of the Twentieth
Century. Kigali: NURC, 2016, p. 634
393
394
126
in various locations – in BNR, former Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Planning and Ministry
of Defense. A former employee who is also a public servant in the current government revealed the confidentiality of these meetings: “Such meetings were highly confidential and no
junior staff could be informed”.396 Another respondent stressed the caliber of people who attended them: “They were only attended by Ministers and the Governor of BNR …”397 Another
respondent abbreviated as MG1217 also revealed: “The meetings were supposed to be confidential because they aimed at using State treasure which was meant for development but
which was being diverted to buy weapons to kill citizens”,398.
On the other hand, there were some meetings that were held at both ministries with the aim of
planning to execute the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi. Such meetings were organized by
the ministries’ high ranking officials and sometimes by political party representatives in both
ministries. A witness in the former Customs Department said that: “Hutu extremists organized
meetings to execute Genocide against the Tutsi, alongside their party affiliations.”399 Another
respondent from the former Ministry of Finance further revealed: “Such meetings to execute
the Genocide generally took place every Friday of the week.”400 Yet another respondent in the
former Tax Department at Muhima underscored: “Those meetings not only aimed at planning
the Genocide within institutions but they also went beyond ministry employees […] but different areas […] they were the think tanks for the illiterate people in their respective areas.”401
4.8. Violent acts against the Tutsi employees in the former Ministry of Finance and
Ministry of Planning during the 1994 Genocide
The violent acts unleashed against the Tutsi employees and their relatives were not different
from others that took place in other parts of the country. These acts were harsher to women
employees or spouses of men employees as well as to children. As for men employees, some
were brutally tortured for a short while before being killed, yet others were killed immediately
though in a violent way. These acts included slaughtering victims and living them to die later.
Some women employees and spouses of men employees were subjected to sexual violence.
This was a systematic act that was applied across the country. In fact, it was a tool that was
Interview with XMS at Kimihurura, September 16, 2017
Interview with NJH at NISR, September 29, 2017
398 Interview with GHF in Remera sector, September 26, 2017
399 Interview with NJH at NISR, September 29, 2017
400 Interview with VNH at NISR, September 16, 2017
401 Interview with PMH at NISR, September 17, 2017
396
397
127
used to humiliate women and girls, their families and the Tutsi in general. In this study, it was
difficult to generate the statistics of the number of women who worked in the former ministries who were victims of rape or those of their daughters but many confessions of rape
against women were rampant.
The interviewees acknowledged that the rape effects were psychologically and emotionally
damaging. This was more apparent to victims who were contaminated with HIV/AIDS. To
them, it is psychological problem experienced on daily basis either directly or indirectly. It led
to personal trauma that was hard to get rid of despite the nature of counseling services provided.
Two daughters of Tutsi employees in the Ministry of Finance and Planning who were raped
gave birth to unwanted children of the perpetrators. This also created psychosocial issues to
the victims resulting from the children born of rape. These psychological problems manifested
themselves at personal, family and societal levels. In most cases, the children were perceived
as the “children of perpetrators” on family and society levels which also created trauma to the
children themselves.402
Deep cruelty against the children of Tutsi employees was witnessed during the Genocide
against the Tutsi. These children were seen as future threats which are why they could not be
spared, anyway. The violent acts included throwing children alive in pit latrines, banging
them on house walls or living them to die of hunger after killing their parent(s).
In some cases, the children were slaughtered alongside their parent(s) or even at school. These
acts were committed by the Interahamwe militias (men or women), local authorities and the
Security personnel under State directives.
4.9. Acts of destroying Genocide facts during the Genocide
The Genocide perpetrators who massacred Tutsi employees in the former ministries and their
affiliated agencies tried to erase Genocide facts in different areas where victims were massacred. It was a well-planned and coordinated strategy of wiping out Genocide facts with the
intention of denying it at a later stage. Nonetheless, they forgot that distorting such Genocide
evidence was completely impossible because it was executed in broad daylight. In fact, systematic erasing of facts or denying Genocide is the last stage of any Genocide. The perpetra402
Interview with MADGV at Nyamirambo, September 18, 2017
128
tors had wished to achieve total extinction of Tutsi employees, distort their history and obliterate the memory of their survived relatives and/or the memory of the victims.
It is important to note that such historical distortion was not only directed to former Tutsi employees in the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Planning and their affiliated agencies but
also to all the Tutsi in general. In this regard, the study findings indicate that the majority of
the Genocide victims were dumped in landfills or in mass-graves as a way of erasing Genocide facts. One of the relatives of the Genocide victim testified the above fact:
“When the Genocide started, the Interahamwe had dug different landfills across Kigali,
so that wherever they could finish killing the Tutsi, their bodies were directly thrown in
those landfills or put in vehicles and taken to different landfills designated for that purpose [….]”403
In reference to the above testimony, there were some other bodies of Tutsis who were killed
and their bodies were packed in tracks and taken to unknown destinations. The bodies were
either dumped in distant landfills or were thrown in River Nyabarongo. Other bodies were
beheaded and burned alive but such cases were largely minimal. Another witness underscored
this point:
“[…] Many bodies that were loaded on tracks and taken to different destinations were
either taken to be dumped in distant or unknown landfills or be thrown in River Nyabarongo. There was a time when these landfills came to their capacity and bodies were
transported and thrown River Nyabarongo”.404
According to another respondent, one former Tutsi employee in MINIPLAN was killed while
on duty and his body was drowned in Lake Kivu.405 As for other victims, their bodies were
dumped in pit-latrines. A respondent who witnessed such acts being committed by the perpetrators, narrated the ordeal: “Some bodies were also thrown in pit-latrines either in private or
public places”.406
Interview with MADGV at Nyamirambo, September 18, 2017
Interview with MASGV at Kagugu, November 20, 2017
405 Interview with victim’s relative, August 17, 2017
406 Interview with MJDGV at Kaciru, September 18, 2017
403
404
129
4.10. Social group relations in post-Genocide period
At the end of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi, the social relations between the Hutu and
Tutsi employees became so fragile in both ministries under study. There was mistrust especially between Genocide victims and Hutu employees who were in Rwanda during the Genocide. The Tutsi survivors perceived fellow Hutu employees as killers, bad people, Tutsi
haters, and so on. As for Hutu employees, they lived in persistent fear of Tutsi reprisal and
revenge at any time, either at the workplace or outside it. Nobody could talk to each other.
This state of affairs was witnessed especially from 1995 to 1999. 407
Later on, as the government was preaching unity and reconciliation, establishing the rule of
law and order and building state institutions, social cohesion and unity between the Hutu employees and Tutsi Genocide survivors started to improve gradually. Today, there is great improvement in employees’ social relationships and social cohesion as narrated by Respondent
XMCM:
“when you look at the social cohesion between the Hutu and Tutsi employees, by then,
right after the 1994 Genocide in the former Ministry of Finance, there was total mistrust,
hatred, fear and ethnic divisions but it is no longer the case today.”408
Within the current MINECOFIN, unity and social cohesion has drastically been restored and
rebuilt on intra personal and inter-personal levels or even better than what it was before 1994.
Today, there is unity and social cohesion amongst all institutional employees which is a result
of the national policy of unity and reconciliation, spearheaded by the current Government of
National Unity.
4.10.1. Genocide commemoration in MINECOFIN
MINECOFIN recognizes Genocide commemoration as a national responsibility for the institution that provides a platform for its staff to learn from the past and be able to build a better
future. Like other State institutions, the event is done on annual basis. It brings together not
only the Ministry’s staff but also former employees of the two ministries under study as well
as the relatives of the victims of Genocide who worked in those ministries. Through Genocide
General information from respondents who work in different state institutions that were previously
under the former Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Planning – before the merger of the two state
institutions.
408 Interview with XMCM at Kimihurura, September 27, 2017
407
130
commemoration, the ministry has enabled the former employees to remember their beloved
ones. This event has helped to establish a critical process of healing survivors as well as enhancing the process of unity and reconciliation in the country.
According to the Ministry, the event of commemorating Genocide is not only about remembering the victims’ lives but also their contribution to the country’s development. It is worth
recognizing that Genocide victims had worked for their nation but the latter turned against
them and killed them through planning and sponsoring a State-sponsored Genocide. This was
asserted by the Minister of Finance and Economic Planning, Claver Gatete, during the 23rd
commemoration at MINECOFIN. He asserted: “We have to remember that those who lost
their lives had contributed not only to our lives but to the country as well. To regain our dignity we have to give them dignity too”.409
The commemoration of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi has also helped to heal the
wounds through collective remembrance. As an event, it provides a platform for all Rwandans
to rethink about their past and provide a sense of belonging to the victims. In this regard,
commemorating the Genocide in MINECOFIN has provided an opportunity for the staff, relatives of the former ministry’s employees in particular and other Rwandans in general to learn
from the experts on Rwanda’s history that led to the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi, its effects and prevention.
One ministry official stressed that “all Rwandans were affected by the Genocide and its effects have continued to manifest themselves as trans-generational.” This is because a large
number of victims are still live with wounded experiences and their children continue to be
confronted with trans-generational trauma. Since 2011, MINECOFIN started Genocide commemoration and invited all the Genocide survivors as well as the relatives of the Genocide
victims who worked in the former two institutions. From 2016, the commemoration activities
started to be collectively organized by MINECOFIN, Genocide survivors and relatives of the
Genocide victims.
The photo below shows the Genocide against the Tutsi (#Kwibuka23) was collectively commemorated:
Statement by Minister of Finance and Economic Planning, Claver Gatete, during the 19 commemoration event at MINECOFIN, May 19, 2017
409
131
Courtesy Photo: MINECOFIN staff, survivors and relatives of Genocide victims who worked in the former
Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Planning and their affiliated agencies commemorating the 1994 Genocide
against the Tutsi (#Kwibuka23) at the Ministry headquarters on June 2, 2017.
Lastly, understanding the history of Genocide has enabled the ministry staff and relatives of
the former employees to prevent its reoccurrence. A ministry employee reassured the nation
that: “Genocide commemoration brings strengths by remembering the history of Genocide
and ensures that the tragedy will never happen again.”410 Though the ministry cannot change
the history of the country singlehandedly, Genocide commemoration has become a collective
event through which the ministry staff learns to overcome past evil deeds and to forge for a
new future.
4.10.2. Supporting Genocide survivors
The 1994 Genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi devastated Rwanda’s social, political and
economic fabric as well as the population, particularly, the Genocide survivors. As a result,
the Government of National Unity established after 1994 embarked on different programs to
support vulnerable families, including those of Genocide survivors. However, among the priorities of identified by government, there was need to rehabilitate and support the Genocide
survivors who had undergone tremendous suffering. Not only had their families and bread-
A Genocide survivor during the 23rd commemoration event at the MINECOFIN, Kigali, June 2,
2017.
410
132
winners been wiped out, but most of their properties had also been lost and destroyed, leaving
the survivors vulnerable and needy.
The support by MINECOFIN is not based on its institutional budget rather on individual staff
contributions under the guidance of the management. The contribution made is both financial
and moral. It is extended to different categories of vulnerable survivors and the victim’s relatives. This has been achieved as follows:
4.10.2.1. Support to Imararungu Association
In 2011, MINECOFIN staff tabled an idea of supporting vulnerable Genocide survivors to
complement the support provided by the State. In the same year, based on consultations with
FARG, a group of vulnerable Genocide survivors known as Imararungu Association in Kamonyi District was formed. It was made of children of Genocide survivors.
Through staff financial contributions, they managed to raise over 3 million Rwanda Francs.
Since the majority of the children were in school and with limited capacity to use the money
for other income generation activities, MINECOFIN agreed to buy cows for them. Consequently, 10 cows were bought and given to the association.
In 2013, MINECOFIN staff raised 5 million RwF for the same association. In consultation
with the beneficiaries, it was agreed to start an income generation project. The project consisted of purchasing a public address system (PA) as well as chairs and tents to be used during
important events organized frequently by the community.
4.10.2.2. Support to relatives of former Tutsi employees
On annual basis, MINECOFIN staff contributes towards moral support of vulnerable relatives
of Genocide victims in the ministries under study. This support is done through get-together
activities. At least, each year two vulnerable families of Genocide victims are visited by
MINECOFIN staff and given a minimum of 200,000 RwF. Last but not least, from 2016, the
ministry provides and facilitates children to do internship whose parents were killed while on
service in the two former ministries.
4.11.3. Fighting Genocide ideology and denial
Genocide ideology in Rwanda is defined as “an aggregate of thoughts characterized by conduct, speeches, documents and other acts aiming at exterminating or inciting others to exter133
minate people basing on ethnic belonging, origin, nationality, region, color, physical appearance, sex, language, religion or political opinion and committed in normal periods or during
war”.411 This ideology is characterized by the following:
Threatening, intimidating, degrading through defamatory speeches, documents or actions which aim at propounding wickedness or inciting hatred;
Marginalizing, laughing at one’s misfortune, defaming, mocking, boasting, despising,
degrading creating confusion aiming at negating the Genocide which occurred, stirring up ill feelings, taking revenge, altering testimony or evidence for the Genocide
which occurred;
Killing, planning to kill or attempting to kill someone for purposes of furthering Genocide ideology.412
Like any other Rwanda’s public institution, MINECOFIN adheres to fighting against the
Genocide ideology and its denial within the institution and beyond. In addition, the ministry
management is determined to fight divisionism and discrimination that characterized the former ministries and the country in general. A ministry employee argued gave the following
reminder: “We came from far. We have to teach the young generation about the bad impacts
of the Genocide ideology by urging people to co-exist with one another because we are one
and let’s strive for self-reliance while developing our country,”413
Another interviewee underscored:
“Fighting against the Genocide ideology is not only about making sure that it does not
re-occur but also being keen on exposing the truth on what happened during the 1994
Genocide against the Tutsi so that we can learn from our divisive past.”414
All the above was complemented by the relative of a Genocide victim: “Fighting against the
Genocide ideology has to do with correcting the past wrongs by eradicating ideologies that
are akin to ethnicity […] and I think that is what the government has focused on […].”415
Law N°18/2008 Of 23/07/2008 Relating to the Punishment Of The Crime Of Genocide Ideology
Ibidem
413 Dancille Mukandori, staff at MINECOFIN, during the 13th Genocide commemoration at MINECOFIN
414 Interview with MINECOFIN staff, September 16, 2017
415 Interview with Kalishesha Diane at Kaciru, September 18, 2017
411
412
134
Lastly, one of the officials in MINECOFIN gave expert advice:
“To eradicate Genocide ideology should be through policy and education frameworks
as well as enhancing research activities […] research is crucial in building data banks
that will teach the young and coming generations about what happened and making sure
that what befell Rwanda does not re-occur anymore.”416
Thus, denial of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi by some Rwandans or foreigners is ridiculous and tantamount to harboring Genocide ideology. 417 One relative of the Genocide victim
said that: “Genocide denial itself negatively affects Genocide survivors in one way or the other.”418 Another one retorted, “It is imperative to fight Genocide denial so as to prevent its reoccurrence.”419 A survivor of Genocide who currently works in MINECOFIN recommended
that: “The government should legally or diplomatically deal with people (in exile) who use
Genocide denial for the pursuit of their own political interests. This is because the severity of
its consequences will continue to haunt survivors”420 in particular and Rwandans in general.
4.12. Testimonies from the survivors and/or victim relatives
The testimonies of the survivors or Genocide victim relatives deal with themes that range
from socio-economic welfare, justice, politics, unity and reconciliation. These testimonies reflect various feelings from the past commemoration events and those collected from the field.
During the 21st commemoration event that was held in the ministry, one of the Genocide survivors noted that:
“We were hunted down and killed because of what and who we are. We lost our beloved
ones but the God who protected us during Genocide against the Tutsi will always be with
us. Today we have hope, we enjoy rights just like everyone else and our future is bright
Interview with MINECOFIN staff, September 16, 2017
Ibid
418 Interview with a daughter of the Genocide victim in Kicukiro, October 5, 2017
419 Interview with a daughter of the Genocide victim in Kicukiro, September 19,2017
ϰϮϬ
/ŶƚĞƌǀŝĞǁǁŝƚŚD/E K&/EƐƚĂĨĨ͕^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌϮϱ͕ϮϬϭϳ
416
417
135
thanks to the leadership that doesn’t discriminate whatsoever. Only if those who departed could see this transformation […]” 421
Another Genocide survivor during the 23rd commemoration event narrated that: “My husband
was killed when I was 8 months pregnant […] but I managed to survive and life is going on
well despite the tragedy past.”
Yet another Genocide survivor and former employee in the ministry praised RPF and the government:
“RPF-Inkotanyi422 not only saved us but they have also given hope to life. The Government of National Unity has done everything possible to give us hope for tomorrow in various ways. We are given shelter, health care, access to education, and support of all kind
that we need”.423
This was complemented by a survivor who currently works in MINECOFIN:
“[…] there is hope that the past will never re-occur, considering the efforts made by the
Government of National Unity in transforming the country which is free of discrimination and which is bent on uniting and reconciling Rwandans.” 424
A relative of the former employee stressed how the genocidal regime had no respect for human rights:
“During the genocidal regime, all categories of Rwandans had no right to survive, right
to education, right to employment, etc but above all, they had no equal rights to nationality […] today all Rwandans have equal access to all these rights which is an important
step to our sustainable future […]”425.
A daughter of the Genocide victim stressed the question of equality as one of the ways for rebuilding the country:
Alice Gasengayire, a representative of families of former MINECOFIN employees’ statement during
the 22 Genocide commemoration on June 13, 2015. Available at http://www.cnlg.gov.rw/newsdetails/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=303&cHash=fa1e75928f7d757e287e79e96cd0775c
422 Literally meaning the former forces that stopped the 1994 Genocide against Tutsi, also known as
RPF-Inkotanyi which had both a political and military wing during the liberation war
423 Interview with DMBU at MINECOFIN, September 29, 2017
424 Interview with Mukatamuni Justine, September 17, 2017
425 Interview with Mukatamuni Justine, September 17, 2017
421
136
“The government is committed to rebuilding the nation through various development
programs, reconciling Rwandans, enhancing justice, fighting corruption and others. This
means building a country where all categories of Rwandans feel equal and safe”.426
However, another respondent underscored the impact of Genocide denial:
“[…] the government is doing all possible to rebuild our country but the genocidal forces or Genocide ideology is still within some peoples’ minds […] look at the various
forms of Genocide denial either in the country or outside it.”427
In view of the above, the interviewed Genocide survivors and the Genocide victims’ relatives
agree that Genocide ideology can be totally eradicated in the near future given the policies
and mechanisms that government has put in place.
The above view was shared by another respondent who is a Genocide survivor. He narrated
that: “Genocide ideology was taught to the Hutu for a long time, I think since late 1950s and
came to explode in 1994 when the Tutsi were massacred by the State. Therefore, eradicating it
cannot take a short period. You know in our Rwandan culture there is a saying that ‘gusenya
inzu biroroha kuruta kuyubaka’ which literally means that ‘destroying a house is simpler than
its construction.’ [….] It may take time to de-construct the ideology but we have hope that the
Genocide ideology will be completely de-constructed.”428
In an attempt to eradicate the Genocide ideology at all levels, of Rwandans, one of the respondents (former employee’s relative) focused on the issue of those who have not faced justice:
“The government has done well in apprehending Genocide criminals of all categories.
We are grateful to government for this endeavor. The only problem is those Genocide
fugitives living in various countries that have not yet faced justice”.429
It should be noted that trauma has continued to be suffered by many Genocide survivors and
Genocide victims’ relatives. Commenting on this issue, one respondent affirmed that “Trauma
is increasingly becoming unbearable especially to our young children.” This was again asserted by a renowned Rwandan psychologist Professor Vincent Sezibera on 14 July 2017
Interview with Kalishesha Diane, September18, 2017
Interview with Annonciata Umuhoza, September 15, 2017
428 Interview with Mukasano Judith, September 18, 2017
429 Interview with the former employee in MINIFIN, September 17, 2017
426
427
137
when he was moderating the Workshop on Trauma and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
(PTSD) in the post-Genocide Rwanda at Nobleza Hotel, Kigali. He commented that, “23 year
after the Genocide, the problems of Trauma and PTSD still persist amongst the Genocide
survivors and continue to be transmitted from one generation to another”.430
This trauma and depression are not only felt by Genocide survivors but also by the perpetrators to some extent. A few Genocide perpetrators tend to be traumatized for the killings and
other crimes against humanity they committed. But when all is said and done, trauma affects
the survivors most, their children and relatives.
http://cnlg.gov.rw/newsdetails/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=2092&cHash=dbdbac0f2c3efa98217e9edca66685a9 – accessed
on November 30, 2017
430
138
CHAPTER FIVE: LESSONS LEARNT, SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. Lessons Learnt
The Genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi employees in the two former ministries - Ministry
of Finance and Ministry of Planning with their affiliated agencies – would have been preventable if the principle of collective responsibility was applied. However, this was not the case
for several reasons. First, the Genocide against the Tutsi was a State-sponsored Genocide,
planned and entrenched in the structures of the former regimes since 1963. According to the
findings of the present study, the State sanctioned and institutionalized hatred, dehumanization and demonization of the Tutsi ethnic group in all spheres of life. In other words, the
crimes and atrocities perpetrated against the Tutsi were done with the involvement of various
actors within the former ministries and beyond.
In this regard, the two former ministries and their affiliated agencies were simply implementing a State-sponsored ideology which sought to massacre all the Tutsi employees. The entire
process began as a hate-ideology with roots from the ‘1959 Hutu Revolution’ that ignited the
racial divide that separated Rwandans using terms like ‘us’ and ‘them’ to dehumanize the
Tutsi as ‘cockroaches’, ‘snakes’ and/or ‘enemies’. It should be noted that no ministry official
tried to prevent the implementation of the Genocide against the Tutsi. Some of the State
agents were perpetrators while others became bystanders either in their respective institutions
or their areas of residence and domiciles.
The conspiracy to unleash violence to and perpetrate Genocide against the former Tutsi employees in the two former ministries under study largely involved State and non-State institutions. What took place in the above institutions cannot be analyzed without considering the
events that happened in the entire country. Since Rwanda was characterized by the culture of
impunity, the former Cabinet ministers and other government officials felt that violence
against the Tutsi employees was a normal act that manifested the State’s intent to erase the
Tutsi from Rwandan soil. In this connection, the following lessons can be deduced from the
1994 Genocide that was perpetrated against the Tutsi:
Lesson #1: Never again to violence and divisive politics of all forms in Rwanda
The acts of violence and the Genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi employees in the two
former ministries was a State-sponsored atrocity intended to eliminate the entire Tutsi ethnic
139
group, not only within the institutions they were working but in the entire country at large.
The State inspired hate ideology succeeded in corrupting and manipulating the minds of some
Hutu employees who dehumanized the Tutsi employees over a period of time. This took
place while the Ministry officials and the State were keeping their watch.
For all intents and purposes, this racial divide was a systemic strategy planned against the
Tutsi employees from the 1959 and 1963 political crises, during which period, the two ministries under study were created. Henceforth, MINECOFIN has learnt that violence and divisive
politics of forms all have no place in this country.
Lesson #2: Preventing the Genocide is a collective responsibility
Another lesson carried by the present study on the 1994 Genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi - in the two former ministries under study - is that preventing the re-occurrence of Genocide
is not only possible but it is also a collective responsibility of each and every citizen to protect
people’s rights against abuses and mass atrocities. Therefore, MINECOFIN staff have learnt
that preventing Genocide was/is possible if each and every citizen played their role in breaking the divisive cycle of violence that characterized the two former institutions and the country in general.
Lesson #3: The 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi employees left a permanent legacy as a
crime against the entire mankind
At the entrance of MINECOFIN, there is a Genocide monument that depicts the permanency
of the Genocide legacy. In addition, as shown in the literature provided in the present study,
the procurement and supply of arms by the former Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of
Planning which conspired with the former Ministry of Defense and BNR, demonstrated that
the above State institutions planned and implemented the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi
both at ministerial and national levels. The testimonies by the former employees in the ministries under study elucidate this bitter fact. The crimes committed against the former Tutsi employees by their fellow Hutu employees and/or the Interahamwe militias was not only a crime
against the Tutsi employees as an entity but a crime against all Rwandans and a crime against
humanity as a whole – such a legacy left an indelible mark that will live and stay permanently
in Rwanda and the world at large.
140
Lesson #4: Rwandans have a common destiny which lies in their own hands
The Tutsi employees in the former ministries were massacred and exterminated by some of
their Hutu colleagues despite sharing with them similar norms and values: they shared the
same language and culture and some employees were sheltered under the same offices. The
Genocide atrocities committed by colleagues against fellow colleagues, neighbors against
their neighbors and ministry officials planning and implementing decisions to kill citizens
they were supposed to protect is something that continues to defy many people’s understanding in modern history. The right to live and the right to citizenship are fundamentally natural
and constitutional rights.
Lesson #5:
Unity and social cohesion are paramount in achieving sustainable development
The Genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi in the former ministries and their agencies under
study shows that no society or country characterized by hate ideology can succeed in its endeavors. The hate ideology is always bound to fail. This is why the promotion of unity and
social cohesion amongst MINECOFIN staff and beyond are of paramount importance for present and future generations to achieve sustainable development.
Lesson #6: Only total justice for the Genocide victims can bring permanent peace
According to the findings of the present study, the Tutsi victims and survivors who were employed in the two former ministries and their agencies should be accorded justice for the
crimes committed against them or their relatives. Despite Rwanda’s socio-economic transformation, and despite the security enjoyed by the survivors and relatives of Genocide victims
in the former institutions, it was established by this study that the healing process cannot take
place without justice being done. This is because the majority of Genocide perpetrators whether employed in the former ministries or not - currently live in exile as a result of the
crimes they committed. Despite many efforts made by the Government of Rwanda to bring
the perpetrators to book, some members of the international community have prevented justice from taking its normal course.
141
Lesson #7:
Collective commemoration of Genocide is a prerequisite in preventing its
re-occurrence
The findings of this study have shown that without the spirit of collective commemoration of
Genocide, it is impossible to heal trauma among the victims and transform the country’s divisive past. Thus, it can be deduced that resisting evil is a moral obligation that should be handled on collective basis. In other words, the collective commemoration of the Genocide
against the Tutsi is one of the measures intended to prevent its re-occurrence. Hence, commemoration should go beyond focusing on Genocide survivors and should embrace each and
every Rwandan.
5.2. Summary of findings
The Tutsi who worked in the former Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Planning and
their affiliated agencies faced a number of violent acts, torture and discrimination of all forms,
as did the State, private institutions, civil societies and the country as a whole. Institutional
discrimination and segregation against the Tutsi employees before 1990 and up to the 1994
Genocide perpetrated against the Tutsi was not different from what took place in the entire
country. The process of planning the Genocide was based on the State agenda of exterminating all the Tutsi community within the Rwandan territory.
Social relationships between the former Hutu and Tutsi employees before October 1, 1990
were based on ethnic differences from 1962 when the Ministry of Finance (planning was a
department therein) was created. It was later endorsed by the Second Republic. This institutional ethnicization was characterised by Tutsi discrimination, dehumanization and hatred.
The above injustices were headed by institutional leaders or Hutu extremists within the
framework of their affiliated parties - MDR- PARMEHUTU - that governed the country in
the First Republic and MRND in the Second Republic.
The discriminatory and hateful practices against the Tutsi employees were not only felt at
work premises but also within their homes and areas of residence. Thus, it was a systematic
oppression that Tutsi employees were subjected to in various aspects of life. During the First
Republic, anti-Tutsi sentiments among employees became the order of the day to the extent
that many employees started perceiving them as part of working culture. In the Second Republic, the contemporary patterns of discrimination, segregation and hatred against the Tutsi
employees continued, alongside the injustice in the employment procedures.
142
During the Liberation struggle, social relationships became more tense and volatile. Open torture and inhumane treatment towards Tutsi employees by Hutu extremists increasingly doubled from prior to October 1, 1990. Abuse, dehumanization and unjust imprisonment of some
Tutsi employees became violently persistent with various effects. Polarization and dehumanization of the Tutsi employees became manifest by labeling them as ‘cockroaches’, ‘snakes’.
But most importantly, the perception as ‘enemies’ or ‘traitors’ of the country landed many
Tutsis in prison, accusing them of being accomplices of RPF-Inkotanyi.
The findings of the present study indicate that the majority of the Tutsi employees were killed
within their respective neighborhoods while others were massacred in different places where
they had taken refuge. Three of the victim employees were killed while on work mission. The
fact remains that the Genocide history of these employees dates as far back as 1962. Actual
implementation of the Genocide began in 1992 when two Tutsi employees were imprisoned
and killed. Effective and real massacre of the Tutsi employees began between April 7-8, 1994
and the last one was reportedly killed at the end of June 1994. The bodies of the Genocide
victims were thrown into landfills and pit-latrines as a way of erasing Genocide facts. It is important to note that some bodies were loaded on tracks and taken to unknown destinations –
such bodies could have been thrown either into landfills or in River Nyabarongo.
According to the relatives who got a chance to find out how their loved ones were killed, the
common assertion was that they were either killed by machetes, grenades or guns. These
weapons were owned by the Interahamwe civilian militias, the gendarmerie and the army.
Similarly, on institutional level, the ministries under study, in collaboration with BNR played
a leading role in buying arms and weapons that were used to kill not only their former employees, but also Rwandans in general. Though the country was not authorized to buy the
aforementioned arms based on some provisions of UN resolutions, the government proceeded
to do so notwithstanding. This was done through wiring State funds to its embassies in Egypt,
France, South Africa, etc. to buy arms that were used to kill its citizens as well as Western
companies that conspired with the government that was in such dirty deals to buy arms.
In the post-Genocide context, three dimensions have been analysed: Genocide commemoration, supporting Genocide survivors and fighting Genocide ideology within MINECOFIN.
First, Genocide commemoration within the ministry is collectively owned and organised by
the ministry staff, former Tutsi staff and relatives of the Genocide victims who worked in the
former institutions. In summation, remembering the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi on an143
nual basis enables the actors to learn from the past and find solutions that are pertinent in
transforming the country as well as healing the survivors. Secondly, MINECOFIN staff, in
support with management through individual capacity, provides financial and moral support
to the survivors of Genocide who worked in the former institutions and their relatives. Third,
fighting the Genocide ideology - in the institution and beyond - is undisputable and is regarded as a collective endeavor by the institution.
Last but not least, the testimonies made by the survivors or relatives of the former employees
who were killed during the Genocide against the Tutsi indicate that there is hope for life and a
sustainable Rwanda. This is ascertained by their individual testimonies in various manifestations: unity and reconciliation, peace-building, justice, rule of law, governance and democracy, to mention a few. Their hope is based on the current government’s initiatives to transform
the past into a society of peaceful co-existence, free of Genocide against any people.
5.3. Conclusion
The Tutsi employees in the two former ministries – Minsistry of Finance and Ministry of
Planning - lived and worked in an environment that was characterized by discrimination, hatred and dehumanization both at their workplaces and their respective neighborhoods. The
patterns of violence to which they were subjected varied from period to period. The mistreatment they underwent prior October 1, 1990 was totally different from what they went through
during the Liberation struggle. The torture and inhumane treatment experienced during the
Liberation War was tense, cruel and brutal in nature. This is because during the Liberation
struggle the perpetrators of this violence became more active. The latter included Hutu extremists within the Ministries, civilian militias and state security operatives.
All in all, the violent nature in which the Tutsi employees were massacred during the 1994
Genocide against the Tutsi was not different from what happened elsewhere in the entire
country. Indeed, a mixture of weapons was used, such as guns, machetes and clubs as well as
spears and arrows, which were more commonly used in rural areas. Many bodies were left in
open space, others were dumped in toilets and pits and pit-latrines - either dead or alive while some were potentially thrown into River Nyabarongo or Lake Kivu.
Despite this dark past for Rwanda, the survivors of the Genocide who were employees or are
still employees of the current MINECOFIN - as well as their relatives - have continued to nurture hope for a peaceful future. This is in line with the current commitment by the Govern144
ment of National Unity that works tirelessly to address Rwanda’s divisive past, fighting
against the Genocide ideology and its denial as well as uniting and reconciling all Rwandans
so that the Genocide tragedy does not re-occur.
5.4. Recommendations
Based on the present study’s findings, the following recommendations are made and directed
to MINECOFIN, MINISANTE and the Ministry of Justice.
5.4.1. To MINECOFIN
The ministry should continuously build mutual social support with the employees - of
the former MINIFIN, MINIPLAN and their affiliated agencies - who survived the
1994 Genocide against the Tutsi as well as the relatives of the Genocide victims who
worked in those institutions.
The ministry should uphold the spirit of collective participation in organizing Genocide commemoration activities on annual basis, i.e. between MINECOFIN and the
Genocide survivors as well as the relatives of the Genocide victims who worked in the
former institutions.
MINECOFIN should facilitate its staff (especially the ordinary ones) to access civic
education programs like the directors and other top official s have done, as a preventive mechanism.
Based on the findings of the present study as highlighted in Section 1.7, it is recommended that the database of all Genocide victims in MINECOFIN should be completed and updated, particularly with regard to the incomplete profiles of Genocide victims whose relatives were untraceable for interviews. In this connection, further research on the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in government institutions should focus
on the following topics:
Digitalization of human resource files by MIFOTRA
Digitalization of Gacaca court files by the National Commission for the Fight
Against Genocide (CNLG).
In addition, future research on the Genocide against the Tutsi in the two former ministries should also access the former institutional employees’ files in Rwanda Social Security Board (RSSB), National Bank of Rwanda (BNR) and the former Institut Superi-
145
eur de Finance Publique because it is expected that more information to complement
the data base of Genocide victims is therein.
5.4.2. To Ministry of Health (MINISANTE)
MINISANTE should develop sustainable support programs for Genocide survivors
facing severe trauma.
5.4.3. Ministry of Justice (MINIJUST)
MINIJUST should track all Genocide perpetrators who worked in the former Ministry
of Finance, Ministry of Planning and their affiliated agencies - and who are currently
living out of the country - to come back and face justice.
146
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APPENDICES
Appendix I: Interview Guide
1. Imiterere ya
Minisiteri
y’Imari,
Ministeri
y’Igenamigambi
n’ibigo
byari
bizishamikiyeho mu 1994
Aho izo Ministeri n’ibigo byari bizishamikiyeho byakoreraga (Intara, Akarere,
Umurenge)
Igihe izo minisiteri n’ibigo byari bizishamikiyeho byatangiriye imirimo n’inshingano
zabyo
Imiterere y’inzego z’Ubuyobozi bw’Izo Ministeri n’ibigo byari bizishamikiyeho
Abakozi izo Ministeri n’ibigo byari bizishamikiyeho bakoreshaga mbere ya 1990
(Amazina n’ inzego z’imirimo babarizwagamo)
Abakozi izo Ministeri n’ibigo byari bizishamikiyeho bakoreshaga mu gihe
cy’urugamba rwo Kwibohora: hagati ya 1990-1994 (Amazina n’ inzego z’imirimo babarizwagamo)
2. Imibereho n’imibanire y’abakozi mbere ya 1990 muri Minisiteri y’Imari na Ministeri
y’Igenamigambi hamwe n’ibigo byari bizishamikiyeho
Imibanire y’Abakozi mbere ya 1 Ukwakira 1990
Ese hari ibikorwa bitandukanye byo guhohotera Abatutsi byagiye bigaragara mu
muri Minisiteri y’Imari na Ministeri y’Igenamigambi hamwe n’ibigo byari
bizishamikiyeho mbere ya 1 Ukwakira 1990. Urugero rw’ibikorwa by’itoteza byakorewe Abatutsi:
a) Gutukwa
Igihe n’aho byabereye
Uburyo bwakoreshejwe (Inama, Inyandiko,…)
Amazina y’abahohotewe
Amazina y’abari ku isonga
Urwitwazo
149
b. Gukubitwa
Igihe n’aho byabereye
Amazina y’abahohotewe
Amazina y’abari ku isonga
Urwitwazo.
c. Kwirukanwa mu kazi
Igihe byabereye
Amazina y’abahohotewe
Amazina y’abari ku isonga
Urwitwazo.
d. Guhindurirwa akazi
Igihe byabereye
Amazina y’ababikorewe
Amazina y’abari ku isonga
Urwitwazo.
e. Guteshwa agaciro ku mugaragaro
Igihe byabereye
Uburyo bwakoreshejwe (Inama, Inyandiko,…)
Amazina y’ababikorewe
Amazina y’abari ku isonga
Urwitwazo.
f. Gushishikariza kwanga no guhohotera Abatutsi
Igihe byabereye
Uburyo bwakoreshejwe (Inama, Inyandiko,…)
Amazina y’ababikorewe
Amazina y’abari ku isonga
Urwitwazo.
Bindi
150
3. Imibereho n’imibanire y’abakozi mbere mu gihe cy’urugamba rwo Kwibohora (19901994)
Imibanire y’Abakozi hagati ya 1 Ukwakira 1990 n’iya 6 Mata 1994 yari imeze ite
muri rusange.
Ni ibihe bikorwa byo guhohotera Abatutsi byagiye bigaragara mu muri Minisiteri
y’Imari na Ministeri y’Igenamigambi no mu bigo byari bizishamikiyeho mu gihe
cy’urugamba rwo kubohora Igihugu
Igihe ibyo bikorwa byabereye, amazina y’ababikorewe, amazina y’ababigizemo
uruhare n’urwitwazo rwo kubahohotera. Urugero rw’ibikorwa by’itoteza byakorewe
Abatutsi:
a. Gufungwa
Igihe byabereye
Amazina y’abafunzwe
Amazina y’abari ku isonga
Urwitwazo.
b. Gutukwa
Uburyo bwakoreshejwe (Inama, Inyandiko,…),
Igihe n’aho byabereye
Amazina y’abahohotewe
Amazina y’abari ku isonga
Urwitwazo
c. Gukubitwa
Igihe n’aho byabereye
Amazina y’abahohotewe
Amazina y’abari ku isonga
Urwitwazo.
d. Kwirukanwa mu kazi
Igihe n’aho byabereye
Amazina y’abahohotewe
Amazina y’abari ku isonga
Urwitwazo.
e. Guhindurirwa akazi
151
Igihe byabereye
Amazina y’ababikorewe
Amazina y’abari ku isonga
Urwitwazo.
f. Guteshwa agaciro ku mugaragaro
Igihe byabereye,
Uburyo bwakoreshejwe (Inama, Inyandiko,…)
Amazina y’ababikorewe,
Amazina y’abari ku isonga
Urwitwazo.
g. Gushishikariza kwanga no guhohotera abatutsi
Igihe byabereye
Uburyo bwakoreshejwe (Inama, Inyandiko,…)
Amazina y’ababikorewe,
Amazina y’abari ku isonga
Urwitwazo.
Ibindi
4. Uko Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 yashyizwe mu bikorwa muri Minisiteri
y’Imari na Ministeri y’Igenamigambi no mu bigo byari bizishamikiyeho
Uburyo
n’igihe
Abatutsi
bakoraga
muri
Minisiteri
y’Imari
na
Ministeri
y’Igenamigambi no mu bigo byari bizishamikiyeho biciwe;
Urutonde rw’abakozi ba Minisiteri y’Imari na Ministeri y’Igenamigambi no muI bigo
byari bizishamikiyeho bishwe muri Jenoside
Urutonde rw’abakozi bagize uruhare muri Jenoside n’aho baherereye
Urutonde rw’abakozi bahamijwe icyaha mu Nkiko
Amafoto y’abakozi bishwe muri Jenoside (amazina, igihe n’aho yavukiye, akazi yakoraga n’igihe yagatangiriye, bimwe mu byamuranze mu kazi, …)
Umubare n’amazina y’abantu bashobora kuba baraguye muri Minisiteri y’Imari na
Ministeri y’Igenamigambi no bigo byari bizishamikiyeho, uburyo bwakoreshejwe
n’abari ku isonga.
Inama zitegura Jenoside zaba zabereye muri Minisiteri y’Imari na Ministeri
y’Igenamigambi no mu bigo byari bizishamikiyeho, n’abakozi bazitabiriye
152
5. Ibikorwa byo gusibanganya ibimenyetso bya Jenoside mu gihe yakorwaga
Urugero:
Kunaga imibiri y’Abatutsi bamaze kwicwa mu byobo,
Kujyana imibir y’Abatutsi bamaze kwicwa ahandi hantu,
Ibindi
6. Ibikorwa by’iyicarubozo muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi
Urugero:
Gukuraho ibice by’umubiri
Kurya ibice by’imibiri
Gutwikwa
Gukorera ibya mfura mbi abagore n’abakobwa
Guhamba abakiri ba zima
Ibindi
7. Imibanire y’Abakozi nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri MINECOFIN
Kugaragaza uburyo ibikorwa byo Kwibuka byitabirwa
Kugaragaza uburyo ibikorwa byo gufasha abacitse ku icumu muri rusange
n’imiryango y’abari abakozi b’Ikigo bishwe muri Jenoside byifashe
Kugaragaza niba hari ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside mu Kigo n’ingamba zashyizweho
zo kuyikumira.
Kugaragaza uruhare rw’Ikigo mu nzira yo kwiyubaka no kubaka abandi
Ibindi.
153
Appendix 2: Some of the MINIFIN Former Employees between 1st October 1990 and 6th
April 1994
No
1
2
Position
Ministers and Secretary Generals
Mukakayange Anne-Marrie
Secretary General
Ndindabahizi Emmanuel
Minister
Ntigurirwa Bénoit
Minister
Rugenera Marc
Minister
Ruhigira Enoch
Minister
Treasury Department
Ayabagabo Jean-de-Dieu
Administrative assistant
Gakwandi Phlippe
N/A
Uwibaje Sylvestre
Head of treasurer
General Inspection of Finance
Gahongayire Marie-Claire
Secretary
Kayitesi Beatrice
N/A
Mukakimenyi Veneranda
Secretary
Procurement
Nyiragapasi Jeanne
Procurement officer
Sugira Innocent
Procurement officer
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Tax Department
N/A
Head of the tax division
N/A
Head of the tax department
N/A
N/A
Tax officer
Accountant
Head of tax department
Tax controller
Accountant
Tax controller
Tax inspector
Deputy tax controller
Administrative assistant
Teller
Tax controller
Chief tax controller
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
1
2
3
Names
Bajeneza Etienne
Bajyagahe Alphonse
Bizimungu Casmil
Gahunga Gaspard
Gakwandi Norbert
Gasana François-Xavier
Gasasira Innocent
Giramata Sophie
Hagumagutuma Anastase
Iyamuremye Innocent
Kayijuka Callixte
Kayishema Théodore
Mbayiha Eugène
Mugabo Albert
Mukaramushi Pierre-Claver
Mukashema Anne-Marie
Munyangeri Damien
Murekezi Fidèle
19 Muterahejuru Jean-Baptiste
Assistant secretary
Place of work
Kigali, HQ
Kigali, HQ
Kigali, HQ
Kigali, HQ
Kigali, HQ
Kigali, HQ
Kigali, HQ
Kigali, HQ
Kigali, HQ
Kigali, HQ
Kigali, HQ
Kigali, HQ
Kigali, HQ
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
N/A
Butare
N/A
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Rwamagana
Muhima, Kigali
Cyangugu
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Gitarama
Cyangugu
Muhima, Kigali
154
No
20
21
22
Names
Mwumvaneza Juvénal
Ndayisaba Fidel
Nsabimana Télesphore
Position
Store keeping
Head of tax department
Assistant Secretary
Place of work
Muhima, Kigali
Gikongoro
Muhima, Kigali
23 Nsengimana Gaspard
24 Nsengiyaremye Christophe
25 Rangira Ephrem
Secretary
N/A
Financial controller
Kigali
N/A
Butare
26 Renzaho François-Xavier
Department director
Kigali
27 Rwagasana Jean-Baptiste
28 Semvubu Alphonse
1 Basomingera Alberto
2
3
4
5
6
7
Gahizi Jean-Marie-Vianney
Habimana Joseph
Kagorora Thomas
Karangwa Ildephonse
Karera Valère
Lionçon Ferdinand
Administrative assistant
Administartive assistant
Customs Department
Head of customs department
Muhima, Kigali
Butare
Gikondo, Kigali
Finance controller
Customs verification
Customs verification
Head of tax controller
Customs controller
Customs verification
Gikondo, Kigali
Gikondo, Kigali
Gikondo, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Gisenyi
Bugesera
8 Mister Gilbert
9 Mugwiza Vénant
Inspector of Finance
Customs controller
Gikondo, Kigali
Rwamagana
10 Mukasikubwabo Odette
11 Mukayitesi Françoise
N/A
Administrative assistant
N/A
Gikondo, Kigali
12
13
14
15
16
17
Finance controller
Customs controller
Store keeper
Administrative assistant
Agent of customs services
Customs controller
Kibuye
Butare
Kigali
Byumba
Gisenyi
Nyarugenge
Customs controller
Kanombe Airport
Muhima, Kigali
Kibuye
Gikondo, Kigali
Ruhengeri
Gisenyi
Gikongoro
Mukeshimana Thadhée
Murara Jean-Pierre
Murasi Ignace
Murenzi Augustin
Musonera Oswald
Ndemezo Gonzague
18 Nkumbuye Juvénal
19
20
21
22
23
24
Nkusi Jean-Paul
Rutagambwa Narcisse
Safari Christophe
Sendakize Gaspard
Uhawingoma Adrien
Uwimana Faith
N/A
Secretary
Adminsitartive assistant
Administartive assistant
Administrative assistant
Customs inspector
Public Accounts Department
1 Bimenyimana Théoneste
Accountant
2 Mucyo Eustache
Administrative assistant
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
155
No Names
3 Ndahimana Theoneste
Position
Head of public accounts
Place of work
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
1 Bagirigomwa Christophe
2 Kanyabugande
Accountant
N/A
Central Secretariat
Secretary
Assistant Type Writer
3 Karasira Innocent
4 Mukamurigo Théodosie
5 Munyemana François
Secretary
Assistant secretary
Assistant secretary
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
6 Muyoboke Daniel
Office messanger
Kigali, H/Q
4 Nkulikiye André
5 Rutarindwa Honoré
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
Budget Department
Mukabideri Theresse
Head of Finance Inspection
Ndayambaje Léon
Accountant
Ngabonziza Alexis
Accountant
Ngamije Leon
N/A
Nkiriyehe Merane
Head of Budget department
Ntirivamunda
Accountant
Nyirasenkuye Veneranda
Budget Auditor
Accounting Department
Karera Anastase
In charge of stores
Audit Department
Karuranga Frédéric
Director
Rwakayigamba Jean Marie
Secretary
Unknown Departments
Hakizimfura Canisius
N/A
Muhigana Nkusi Jean
N/A
Mukandori Dancille
N/A
Mukaremera Immaculée
N/A
Ngendahimana Jaffet
N/A
Nsengiyumva Gaspard
N/A
Logistics
Ndengiyingoma Shirikisho
Driver
Jean-Bosco
2 Nderere Alphonse
3 Ntamabyariro Faustin
Driver
Driver
Headquarter
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali/H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
N/A
N/A
Kigali, H/Q
N/A
N/A
N/A
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
156
Appendix 3: Some of the MINIPLAN Former Employees Between 1st October 1990 and
6th April 1994
No Names
1 Ngirabatware Augustin
2 Ntagerura André
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Boy Suleyman
Gasana Hyacinthe
Hategekimana Joseph
Ingabire Alice
Kambogo
Karekezi Samuel
Mukamurenzi Cacilde
Mukanyonga Pauline
Ndarasi André
10
11
12
13
Nkurunziza Vianney
Nsengimana Elie
Ntambara Juvenal
Nyoni Gustave
14
15
16
17
18
Pawo Paul
Rutazigwa Ignace
Twagiramungu Issa
Twagirayezu Alexis
Uwamariya Marie-Louise
1
1
2
1
1
2
Position
Ministers
Minister
Minister
Statistics Department
N/A
Statistician
Statistician
Statistician
Statistician
Statistician
Statistician
Statistician
In-charge of Expropriation
division
Statistician
Statistician
Statistician
Statistical works engineering
Statistician
Statistician
Data collector
Director of Statistics
Statistician
Census Department
Segahwenge Asilida
N/A
Macro department
Muganga Joseph
N/A
Sefaranga Albert
Macro-economic Analyst
Central Secretariat
Mukadisi Fébronie
Secretary
Logistics
Kayumba Eugène
Driver
Mwumvaneza Mugabo JeanDriver
Claude
3 Ndayambaje Pierre
4 Rutikanga Jean-Pierre
Driver
Driver
Unknown departments
1 Nshimiyumuremyi Adalbert
N/A
Place of work
Kigali
Kigali
N/A
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Kigali, H/Q
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Butare
Kibuye
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kibungo
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
N/A
157
No
2
3
4
5
Names
Rubashinkwaya Bonaventure
Rugiraganwa Frederick
Uwimana Antoine
Uwimbabazi Agnès
Position
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Place of work
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
158
Appendix 4: Some of the BUNEP Former Employees Between 1st October 1990 and 6th
April 1994
No
1
2
1
2
1
1
Names
Position
Top Management
Collete
Deputy Director
Mbaguta Jean-Marie-Vianney Director General
Accounting Department
Litararenga Godfroid
Accountant
Nyagatare Antoine
Accountant
Construction Department
Gashumba Pierre Claver
Head of construction unit
Central Secretariat
Muteteri Denise
Secretary
Place of work
Kigali
Kigali
Kigali
Kigali
Kigali
Kigali
159
Appendix 5: MINIFIN Tutsi Genocide Victims
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Names
Position
Tax Department
Bajyagahe Alphonse
Head of the tax division
Bajeneza Etienne
N/A
Gahunga Gaspard
Head of the tax department
Gakwandi Norbert
N/A
Gasana François-Xavier
N/A
Giramata Sophie
Accountant
Iyamuremye Innocent
Tax controller
Kayijuka Callixte
Accountant
Kayishema Théodore
Tax controller
Mbayiha Eugène
Tax inspector
Mugabo Albert
Deputy tax controller
Mukaramushi Pierre-Claver
Administrative assistant
Mukashema Anne-Marie
Teller
Munyangeri Damien
Tax controller
Murekezi Fidèle
Chief tax controller
Muterahejuru Jean-Baptiste
Assistant secretary
Mwumvaneza Juvénal
Store keeper
Nsabimana Télesphore
Assistant Secretary
Nsengimana Gaspard
Secretary
Rangira Ephrem
Financial controller
Renzaho François-Xavier
Department director
Rwagasana Jean-Baptiste
Administrative assistant
Semvubu Alphonse
Administartive assistant
Customs Department
Gahizi Jean-Marie-Vianney
Finance controller
Habimana Joseph
Customs verification
Kagorora Thomas
Customs verification
Karera Valère
Customs controller
Karangwa Ildephonse
Head of tax controller
Lionçon Ferdinand
Costoms verification
Mugwiza Vénant
Customs controller
Mukayitesi Françoise
Administrative assistant
Mukeshimana Thadhée
Finance controller
Murara Jean-Pierre
Customs controller
Murasi Ignace
Store keeper
Place of work
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Butare
N/A
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Rwamagana
Muhima, Kigali
Cyangugu
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Gitarama
Cyangugu
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Kigali
Butare
Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Butare
Gikondo, Kigali
Gikondo, Kigali
Gikondo, Kigali
Gisenyi
Muhima, Kigali
Bugesera
Rwamagana
Gikondo, Kigali
Kibuye
Butare
Kigali
160
No Names
12 Murenzi Augustin
13 Musonera Oswald
Place of work
Byumba
Gisenyi
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Nyarugenge
Kanombe Airport
Muhima, Kigali
Kibuye
Gikondo, Kigali
Ruhengeri
Gisenyi
Gikongoro
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
1
2
1
2
1
Position
Administrative assistant
Agent of customs services
Ndemezo Gonzague
Customs controller
Nkumbuye Juvénal
Customs controller
Nkusi Jean-Paul
N/A
Rutagambwa Narcisse
Secretary
Safari Christophe
Adminsitartive assistant
Sendakize Gaspard
Administartive assistant
Uhawingoma Adrien
Administrative assistant
Uwimana Faith
Customs inspector
Budget Department
Ngabonziza Alexis
Accountant
Ndayambaje Léon
Accountant
Ngamije Léon
N/A
Public Accounts Department
Bimenyimana Théoneste
Accountant
Karera Anastase
In charge of store
Mucyo Eustache
Administrative assistant
Nkulikiye André
Accountant
Audit Department
Karuranga Frédéric
Director
Rwakayigamba Jean Marie
Secretary
Treasury Department
Ayabagabo Jean-de-Dieu
Administrative assistant
Gakwandi Philippe
N/A
Procurement Department
Nyiragapasi Jeanne
Procurement officer
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, HQ
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
2 Sugira Innocent
Kigali, H/Q
1
2
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
1
2
3
4
5
Procurement officer
General Inspection of Finance
Gahongayire Marie-Claire
Secretary
Kayitesi Béatrice
N/A
Central Secretariat
Bagirigomwa Christophe
Secretary
Kanyabugande
Assistant Type Writer
Karasira Innocent
Secretary
Mukamurigo Théodosie
Assistant secretary
Munyemana François
Assistant secretary
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Headquarter
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
161
No Names
6 Muyoboke Daniel
Position
Office messanger
Logistics
1 Ndengiyingoma Shirikisho Jean- Driver
Bosco
Place of work
Kigali, H/Q
2 Ntamabyariro Faustin
Kigali, H/Q
1
2
3
4
5
6
Hakizimfura Canisius
Nsengiyumva Gaspard
Muhigana Nkusi Jean
Mukandori Dancille
Mukaremera Immaculée
Ngendahimana Jaffet
Driver
Unknown Departments
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Kigali, H/Q
N/A
N/A
N/A
Kigali, H/Q
N/A
N/A
162
Appendix 6: MINIPLAN Tutsi Genocide Victims
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1
1
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
Names
Position
Statistics Department
Boy Suleyman
N/A
Gasana Hyacinthe
Statistician
Hategekimana Joseph
Statistician
Karekezi Samuel
Statistician
Mukamurenzi Cacilde
Statistician
Ndarasi André
Head of expropriation
division
Nsengimana Elie
Statistician
Nyoni Gustave
Statistical works engineering
Pawo Paul
Statistician
Rutazigwa Ignace
Statistician
Twagiramungu Issa
Data collector
Twagirayezu Alexis
Director of Statistics
Uwamariya Marie-Louise
Statistician
Macro-economic department
Sefaranga Albert
Macro-economic Analyst
Central Secretariat
Mukadisi Fébronie
Secretary
Logistics
Mwumvaneza Mugabo JeanDriver
Claude
Rutikanga Jean-Pierre
Driver
Ndayambaje Pierre
Driver
Kayumba Eugène
Driver
Unknown Departments
Rubashinkwaya Bonaventure
N/A
Rugiraganwa Frederick
N/A
Uwimbabazi Agnès
N/A
Place of work
N/A
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Muhima, Kigali
Butare
Kibuye
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kigali, H/Q
Kibungo
N/A
N/A
N/A
163
Appendix 7: BUNEP Genocide Victims
No Names
1 Litararenga Godfroid
2 Mbaguta Jean-Marie-Vianney
Position
Accountant
Director General
Place of Work
Kigali
Kigali
164
Appendix 8: List of the two former ministries’ victims whose any single details were untraceable
No
Surname
1 No surname
Given name
Bernardin
2 No surname
Bosco
3 No surname
Damien
4 Haguma
Etienne
5 Kayisire
Lambert
6 Kayumba
Bosco
7 Mbonimana
Appolinaire
8 Mbonimpa
Alphonse
9 Ndahiro
Callixte
10 Ngirimana
Jean
11 Nkundabatenda
Felecien
165
MINISTRY OF FINANCE AND ECONOMIC PLANNING
P.O BOX 158
KIGALI - RWANDA
Tel: (+250) 252 577 581
E-mail:info@minecofin.gov.rw
MINISTRY OF FINANCE AND ECONOMIC PLANNING
P.O BOX 158
KIGALI - RWANDA
Tel: (+250) 252 577 581
E-mail:info@minecofin.gov.rw
