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Levy Firestone Muse
Jenoside Yagaragariraga Buri Wese
Uruhare rwa Leta y’Ubufaransa muri
Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda
19 Mata 2021
(Iyi nyandiko ikubiyemo Imyanzuro n’Ibyagezweho
byasemuwe mu Kinyarwanda. Raporo yose isemuye
mu Kinyarwanda iri gutunganwa, izashyirwa
ahagaragara mu gihe cya vuba.)
Imyanzuro n’ibyagezweho___________________________________________________________
Imwanzuro n’Ibyagezweho
Umwanzuro wacu ni uko Leta y’Ubufaransa ifite uruhare ruremereye mu gufasha no
kureberera Jenoside byagaragara ko yatutumbaga. Mu gihe cy’imyaka myinshi, Leta
y’Ubufaransa yashyigikiye Leta yamunzwe na ruswa kandi y’abicanyi ya Perezida w’u
Rwanda w’icyo gihe, Juvénal Habyarimana. Abategetsi ba Leta y’Ubufaransa batanze imbunda
inama ibikoresho, baratoza, kandi barinda Leta y’u Rwanda, birengagije ko ingoma ya
Habyarimana, yari yariyemeje kwambura ubumuntu, gusenya, ndetse no kwica Abatutsi mu
Rwanda. Abategetsi ba Leta y’Ubufaransa babikoze bagamije guharanira inyungu z’Igihugu
cyabo, cyane cyane mu gushimangira no gukwiza ubuhangange bw’Ubufaransa, ndetse no
kugira ijambo muri Afurika. Kandi ibyo babikoze babona gihamya yiyongeranga buri gihe,
ibereka ko Jenoside yarimo itutumba.
Perezida François Mitterrand yagize uruhare runini mu gushimangira ubufasha bwa
Leta y’Ubufaransa yareberaga ikanashyigikira Leta y’u Rwanda mu bihe byari bikomeye kuva
muri 1990 kugeza 1994. We n’abamwunganiraga bari bazi ko Leta y’u Rwanda yarimo
gutegura, no gukoresha ubwicanyi bw’Abatutsi nyamuke igamije inyungu zayo. Mu gihe Leta
y’Ubufaransa yafashaga Leta y’u Rwanda mu ntambara yarwanyaga FPR Inkotanyi (“FPR”),
muri Élysée bakiriye amakuru menshi agaragaza ko Leta y’u Rwanda yariho itegura ubwicanyi
bw’Abatutsi. Ku nshuro zirenga imwe, abategetsi ba Leta y’Ubufaransa batanze inama basaba
ko Ubufaransa bwitandukanya na Leta y’u Rwanda. Ariko Mitterrand yanambye kuri politiki
ye yo gushyigikira Leta y’u Rwanda mu buryo bw’ububanyi n’amahanga ndetse no kongerera
ubushobozi igisirikari cy’u Rwanda, bagiha ibikoresho by’intambara, birimo: mortars, roketi,
kajugujugu z’intambara, n’imbunda z’amoko anyuranye. Abasirikari b’Abafaransa b’aba
ofisiye, bagiraga inama abayobozi b’igisirikari cy’u Rwanda ndetse bakanatoza abasirikare b’u
Rwanda, na none kandi, abasirikari b’Abafaransa bafashije ingabo z’u Rwanda kwirwanaho i
Kigali. Ubu bufasha bworohereje kandi buha umwanya abahezanguni wo gutegura ndetse no
gushyira mu bikorwa Jenoside. Muri 1994, Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi itangiye, Leta
y’Ubufaransa yakomeje kurwanya FPR Inkotanyi, ingabo zonyine zarwaniriraga guhagarika
ubwo bwicanyi bw’indengakamere.
Leta y’Ubufaransa ntiyashakaga ko FPR Inkotanyi yatsinda, kuko byashoboraga
gukuraho icyizere mu bayobozi b’ibihugu bivuga Igifaransa muri Afrika bari bafitiye u
Bufaransa kugira ngo burinde ubutegetsi bwabo. Kubera izo mpamvu, Mitterrand
ntiyahagaritse gushyigikira Leta ya Habyarimana nubwo Leta ye yafungaga, ikica urubozo,
ikica, ubundi igatoteza abantu b’inzirakarengane ibaziza ubwoko bwabo gusa. Kubera guhora
bafashwa n’Ubufaransa – no guhora bikiriza intero yabo – Habyarimana n’abo bari bafatanije
bumvise ko ubufasha bwa Leta y’Ubufaransa butizigamiye busobanura ko bashobora
gukomeza iterabwoba no kurimbura Abatutsi ntibakurikiranwe mu mategeko, kandi
n’Ubufaransa ntibuhagarike kubaha ubufasha bwa gisirikari no kubashyigikira mu buryo
bw’imari na politiki. Muri make, Abafaransa bahaga agaciro inyungu za politiki zijyanye
n’imiterere y’ibihugu kuruta ubuzima bw’Abanyarwanda.
Igihe Jenoside yatangiye, abategetsi bakuru b’Ubufaransa, duhereye kuri Perezida
Mitterrand, bavuze ko nta muntu n’umwe wabonaga ko Jenoside igiye kuba. Nyamara Jenoside
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Imyanzuro n’ibyagezweho___________________________________________________________
yaratangajwe bihagije. Abategetsi b’Ubufaransa bari mu Rwanda icyo gihe bahoraga bohereza
raporo i Paris mu myaka ine yabanjirije Jenoside zivuga ku bwicanyi bwibasiye Abatutsi.
Abayobozi bamwe b’abasirikare b’Abanyarwanda b’abahezanguni bahishuriye abategetsi
b’Abafaransa ibanga ry’uko hazaba irimburwa ry’Abatutsi. Nyuma y’imyaka mike, abayobozi
bakuru b’Ubufaransa biyemereye ko kuva mu Kwakira 1990 byagaragaraga ko Jenoside izaba,
n’ubwo bitaba mu buryo yabayemo. Mitterrand na we ubwe yabonaga ibyago bishobora
kuvamo ariko arabyemera.
Nyuma y’iminsi mike Jenoside itangiye, abasirikari b’Abafaransa basesekaye i Kigali
baje gutwara Abafaransa bari mu Rwanda ndetse n’abandi bantu bari bacumbikiwe muri
ambassade y’Ubufaransa; muri aba harimo abahezanguni bagize uruhare mu bwicanyi. Izi
ngabo z’Abafaransa rero zabonye imbonankubone ubwicanyi, hamwe na hamwe bwakorwaga
n’amatsinda yatojwe n’Abafaransa; nk’abarindaga Perezida bitaga abajepe n’aba paracommando. Nyamara, mu gihe imibiri yuzuraga za Kiriziya ndetse n’indi igerekeranye ku
mihanda, abenshi mu bajyanama ba Mitterrand bakomeje kuvuga ko ugukomeza kwinjira mu
gihugu kwa FPR Inkotanyi aribyo byari bibangamiye u Rwanda kuruta abarimo gukora
Jenoside. Nyuma y’imyaka bihanganira iyicwa ry’Abatutsi nk’igiciro cyemewe mu intambara,
Leta y’Ubufaransa yatanze igisubizo kuri Jenoside yoroshya ibyemezo byari bigamije kunenga
no gucira imanza abakoze Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, ifata Jenoside nkaho ari intambara
hagati y’ingabo zishyamiranye aho kuyibona nka Jenoside yahigaga abaturage badafite intwaro
bazira ubwoko bwabo, ihamagarira ihagarikwa ry’imirwano n’isubirwamo ry’inzira
y’amasezerano y’amahoro yari yarananiranye, nk’aho imishyikirano yari ihagije ngo Jenoside
ihagarare.
Nyuma y’amezi abiri n’igice abantu bicwa, n’igitutu cy’abanyapolitiki bo mu
Bufaransa basabaga ko hagira igikorwa, Leta y’Ubufaransa, ibinyujije mu Kanama
k’Umuryango w’Abibumbye Gashinzwe Umutekano, yabonye uburenganzira bwo gutangiza
Operation Turquoise nk’igikorwa cy’ubutabazi. Iyi operation yatangijwe mu gihe Abatutsi
bendaga kurimburwa burundu, ndetse itegurwa no ku gihe ku buryo Mitterrand ashobora
kongera kohereza abasirikari mu Rwanda dore ko FPR yari igiye gufata Umugi wa Kigali.
By’umwihariko mu ntangiriro za Operation Turquoise, hari abasirikari b’Abafaransa bari
barageze ku butaka bw’u Rwanda, binyuranyije na manda y’ubutabazi ya Turquoise, bakomeje
gufata Ingabo za Leta y’u Rwanda nk’abafatanyabikorwa bakagerageza gukumira FPR
Inkotanyi ngo idakomeza gufata utundi duce tw’igihugu. N’ubwo bamwe muri abo basirikari
b’Abafaransa baje guhezwa, Turquoise – n’ubwo yarokoye ubuzima bwa bamwe, amaherezo
ntiyashoboye gusohoza inshingano zayo z’ubutabazi.
Igihe FPR imaze gufata Kigali kandi igambiriye gufata igihugu cyose igikura mu
maboko y’abakoraga Jenoside, abategetsi b’Ubufaransa bahise bafata kimwe cya gatanu
cy’Igihugu bagishyira mu maboko arinzwe n’Ubufaransa; bacyita: ‘safe humanitarian zone’
aho abicanyi bari bamaze gukora Jenoside baje kubona ubuhingiro. Leta y’Ubufaransa yafashe
icyemezo cyo kudahagarika, kudafunga, ndetse no kudafata gahunda yo kwambura intwaro
abakoze Jenoside bari muri ‘safe humanitarian zone’. Ahubwo, yararetse abahezanguni
babona inzira itekanye yo kujya muri Zaire, aho bongeye gushaka imbunda ngo bajye bagaba
ibitero mu Rwanda hafi y’umupaka, batera ubwoba abaturage bari mu nkambi z’impunzi,
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Imyanzuro n’ibyagezweho___________________________________________________________
ndetse bateza ikindi kibazo cya kabiri cyibasiye inyokomuntu. Amaherezo, Turquoise yagize
uruhare mu guhungabanya umutekano mu karere ndetse yarokoye abantu bakeya, ugereranyije
n’abapfuye muri Jenoside.
Mu kinyejana gishize, Leta y’Ubufaransa yiyemeje gutwikira ibyo yakoze, ishaka
gushyingura amateka yayo mu Rwanda. Nyuma y’uko itangazamakuru ryo mu Bufaransa na
komisiyo y’u Rwanda bisohoye raporo zivuga ku ruhare rw’Ubufaransa mu bibazo by’u
Rwanda, by’umwihariko Jenoside, Leta y’Ubufaransa yasubije ikora iperereza ribogamye;
rimwe rikaba ryari rishingiye ku buhamya bw’abakoze Jenoside. Mu gihe inkiko
mpuzamahanga n’iz’u Rwanda zashakaga kugeza abakoze Jenoside imbere y’inkiko, Leta
y’Ubufaransa yo yemeye ko imanza nyinshi zari zaratanzwe mu gihugu cy’Ubufaransa zimara
imyaka irenga icumi zitaracibwa. Kuva Jenoside yaba, Ubufaransa bwakomeje guhisha no
guha ubuhungiro abantu benshi bakekwaho kuba barakoze ibyaha bya Jenoside, harimo na
Agathe Kanziga Habyarimana (uwahoze ari umugore wa Perezida Habyarimana).
Leta y’Ubufaransa yakomeje guhisha inyandiko, zerekana ibyo Leta ya Mitterrand
yavuze, yari izi, kandi yakoze mu myaka 25 ishize, ibi byabaye izingiro nyamukuru ryo
gutwikira ibyakozwe. Muri iri perereza ryonyine, Leta y’u Rwanda yohereje ibaruwa
zirambuye eshatu zisaba izo nyandiko zikaba zarakiriwe na Leta y’Ubufaransa ku itariki ya 20
Ukuboza 2019, tariki 10 Nyakanga 2020, na tariki 27 Mutarama 2021. Leta y’Ubufaransa
yirengagije izo baruwa zose uko ari eshatu. Kwanga kwerekana izi nyandiko n’izindi bisa,
bitera kwibaza ibindi bibazo byinshi byerekeye uburemere bw’uruhare ubuyobozi bwa
Mitterrand bwagize muri Jenoside. Inyandiko zagaragajwe vuba aha zijyanye na raporo ya
komisiyo Duclert ariko zishobora kwerekana intambwe mu nzira igana umucyo.
Abantu bakatiwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga Rwashyiriweho u Rwanda,
inkiko z’amahanga, inkiko z’Igihugu cy’u Rwanda, n’ababuraniye mu nkiko za Gacaca, nibo
bafite uruhare mu gukora Jenoside, ntitwabonye ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko abategetsi
cyangwa abakozi b’Ubufaransa bagize uruhare rutaziguye mu iyicwa ry’Abatutsi muri icyo
gihe. Icyakora, Leta y’Ubufaransa niyo yonyine itarigeze ihwema gushyigikira inshuti zayo
z’u Rwanda n’ubwo umugambi wabo wo gukora Jenoside wagaragaraga; kandi Leta
y’Ubufaransa yonyine niyo yari umufatanyabikorwa w’ingenzi mu kubaka inzego zaje
guhinduka ibikoresho bya Jenoside. Nta Leta y’amahanga yindi n’imwe, uretse Leta
y’Ubufaransa, yari izi akaga abahenzanguni b’Abanyarwanda bashoboraga guteza ariko
ikarebera ikanafasha abo bahezanguni mu gihe bateguraga urupfu rw’abantu barenga miliyoni
imwe bazize Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi – abantu bishwe kubera ko bari Abatutsi, ko basaga
n’Abatutsi, ko bagiraga icyo bapfana n’Abatutsi, ko bahishe Abatutsi, cyangwa ko barwanyije
politiki y’abahezanguni yari igambiriye guca igihugu mo uduce. Uruhare rwa Leta
y’Ubufaransa rwari rwihariye. Ariko, na n’ubu ntabwo iremera urwo ruhare cyangwa ngo
irusabire imbabazi.
Iyi myanzuro, wongeyeho ibyagezweho bigiye kugaragazwa, byavuzweho birambuye
kandi byashyigikiwe n’ibimenyetso muri iyi raporo:
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Imyanzuro n’ibyagezweho___________________________________________________________
A. Mbere ya 1990: Ubufaransa bwafashije u Rwanda mu by’ubukungu, no mu
by’igisirikari, mu gihe Leta y’u Rwanda yinjiraga mu ivangura risesuye no gukaza
urugomo ku batutsi.
1. Mu mpera za 1960, Ubufaransa bwumvikanye ku bwigenge n’ibihugu 17 muri 20 bya
Afrika bwakolonije. Mu rwego rwo gukomeza kugira imbaraga za politiki ishingiye
ku miterere y’ibihugu nyuma y’ubukoloni, Leta y’Ubufaransa yagiranye amasezerano
y’ubufatanye n’ibihugu by’Afrika yari yarakolonije. Ayo masezerano yarengeraga
inyungu z’Ubufaransa binyujijwe mu bufasha mu by’ubukungu n’iby’igisirikari.
2. Mu ntangiriro za 1960, Leta y’Ubufaransa yashyize mu bikorwa ayo masezerano
y’ubufatanye mu bya gisirikari yohereza ingabo zayo kugira ngo zihashye
imyigaragambyo muri byinshi mu bihugu yari yarakoronije muri Afrika.
3. Mu gihe u Rwanda rwari rumaze guhabwa ubwigenge n’Ababiligi muri Nyakanga
1962, Leta y’Ubufaransa yahise ibona uburyo bwo kongera aho inyungu zayo
zageraga. Yari ibonye u Rwanda nk’iteme ku mupaka warwo n’ibihugu bivuga
ururimo rw’Icyongereza by’Afrika y’Iburasirazuba (Uganda, Kenya, na Tanzania)
byashoboraga gukwirakwiza ingufu z’Ubufaransa mu karere.
4. Mu Kuboza 1962, Leta y’Ubufaransa yagiranye amasezerano y’ubufatanye na Leta
y’u Rwanda yari iyobowe na Perezida Grégoire Kayibanda wari ukimara gutorwa.
5. Kayibanda yageze ku butegetsi nyuma y’ibikorwa by’ubugome byakorerwaga
Abatutsi bigatuma ibihumbi by’Abatutsi bihunga muri 1959. Mu myaka yakurikiye
itorwa rye nka Perezida w’u Rwanda muri 1961, Kayibanda yashyigikiye itotezwa
n’iyicwa ry’Abatutsi ryatumye ibihumbi icumi by’Abatutsi, ndetse n’Abahutu
bimukira mu tundi turere tw’u Rwanda, abandi bahungira hanze y’Igihugu.
6. Mu mpera za 1964, Umuryango w’Abibumbye wabaruye hejuru y’ibihumbi 300
by’Abanyarwanda babaga muri nkambi z’impunzi ku mipaka y’u Rwanda –
Uburundi, Uganda, Tanzania, na Zaire.
7. Amasezerano y’ubufatanye y’Ubufaransa n’u Rwanda yarakomeje, n’ubwo
ibinyamakuru by’Ubufaransa byakomeje gutangaza ibitero byakorerwaga Abatutsi
bishyigikiwe na Leta ya Kayibanda.
8. Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana, wasimbuye Kayibanda ku butegetsi nyuma yo
guhirika ubutegetsi muri 1973, yayoboye ingoma y’amacakubiri yatumye Abatutsi
baba mu Rwanda babaho nta burenganzira bw’abenegihugu bafite; babayeho
nk’urwego rwa kabiri rw’abaturage b’igihugu kandi bimwa uburenganzira bujyanye
no kwiga, ubukungu, imirimo yo muri Leta, no kujya mu gisirikari.
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Imyanzuro n’ibyagezweho___________________________________________________________
9. Muri Nyakanga 1975, Ubufaransa na Leta ya Habyarimana bagiranye amasezerano
y’ubufatanye mu bya gisirikari. Aya masezerano yemereraga igisirikari
cy’Ubufaransa gutoza Gendarmerie nshyashya (ariyo yari polisi y’Igihugu). Mu
mwaka ukurikiraho, Leta y’Ubufaransa yatangiye kohereza abatoza b’abasirikari,
ibikoresho bya gisirikari, ibindi bikoresho, imodoka, ndetse n’imyitozo ya gisirikari
mu gihugu cy’Ubufaransa.
10. François Mitterrand yatorewe kuba Perezida w’Ubufaransa mu mwaka wa 1981
ahagarariye ihuriro y’aba socialisiti avuga ko agiye guhagarika ubufasha bwa
gisirikari Ubufaransa bwahaga ibihugu by’Afurika birangwa na ruswa no kudakorera
muri demokarasi.
11. Impunzi z’Abanyarwanda zabaga hanze y’igihugu nazo zumvaga zigomba kuva mu
buhungiro aho zumvaga zidafite igihugu kandi zifashwe nabi muri ibyo bihugu
(by’umwihariko i Bugande muri 1982). Mu myaka ya 1980, basabye Perezida
Habyarimana kubareka bagatahuka mu Rwanda ndetse basaba Ubufaransa ubufasha
bwa politiki. Mu kubasubiza, Habyarimana arinangira aheza inguni kuri iyo ngingo
ndetse, na Perezida Mitterrand aramushyigikira muri iyo myumvire.
12. Muri 1983, Ubufaransa n’u Rwanda byahinduye amasezerano y’ubufatanye mu bya
gisirikari kugirango hakurwemo inzitizi yabuzaga gufasha Gendarmerie y’u Rwanda
mu “gutegura no gushyira mu bikorwa ibikorwa by’intambara”.
13. Muri 1986, mu itangazo ryatangajwe mu gihugu, komite nkuru y’ishyaka rya MRND
– akaba ariryo shyaka rukumbi ryabaga mu gihugu, ryanze ugutabaza kw’impunzi
zashakaga zose gutaha mu Rwanda. Iki cyemezo cyabaye intambwe y’ingenzi mu
ishyaka rukumbi ryo mu Rwanda mu kugaragaza ko impunzi zitazakirwa mu gihugu
cyazo.
14. Mu Kuboza 1987, impunzi z’Abanyarwanda, zari zimaze hafi imyaka 30 mu bihugu
binyuranye ku isi zidashobora kugera mu gihugu cyazo, zashyize hamwe ziyobowe
n’ubuyobozi bwa FPR Inkotanyi, yashimangiraga gutaha mu gihugu cyazo,
guharanira demokrasi no kubohora Leta y’u Rwanda.
15. FPR Inkotanyi, yari ifite Abanyarwanda bari abasirikare mu gisirikare cya Uganda
nk’abanyamuryango bayo, yateguye rwihishwa igisirikari cyateguye icyo yise
‘Option Z’ – gukoresha igisirikari kugirango igere ku ntego za politiki FPR Inkotanyi
yifuzaga, mu gihe inzira za politiki zaba zananiwe kuzigeraho.
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Imyanzuro n’ibyagezweho___________________________________________________________
B. Ukwakira 1990: Intambara mu Rwanda yaratangiye, Leta y’Ubufaransa yahise iza
gufasha Leta ya Habyarimana yirengagije ukutubahiriza uburenganzira
bw’ikiremwa muntu kwayo.
16. Mu gihe FPR Inkotanyi yatangije Option Z maze igakandagira ku butaka bw’u
Rwanda ku itariki ya 1 Ukwakira 1990, Habyarimana yahise asaba kandi abona
ubufasha bwa gisirikare bw’Ubufaransa. Ku itariki ya 5 Ukwakira, abasirikari 300
bari bageze ku butaka bw’u Rwanda, iryo tsinda ryiswe Operation Noroît.
17. Ingabo za Noroît ryifatanije n’abasirikari b’Abafaransa b’aba cooperants bari bari mu
Rwanda batoza Gendarmerie n’amatsinda atatu y’inzobere mu gisirikari cy’u
Rwanda: battalion ya para-commando, battalion irwanira mu kirere (aviation
squadron), na battalion ya reconnaissance.
18. Mu kwezi k’Ukwakira 1990, abasirikari b’Abafaransa b’aba cooperants bagiriye
inama inzego zo hejuru z’igisirikare cy’u Rwanda, bahugura itsinda ry’ingabo
z’inzobere mu mirwano, ndetse babagira inama ku buryo bwo kurwana ku rugamba.
Itsinda ry’ingabo z’Abafaransa rya Noroît ryari i Kigali ryasimbuye ingabo z’u
Rwanda kugira ngo zibashe kujya ku rugamba. Leta y’Ubufaransa kandi yohereje
FAR ibikoresho byo kurwana birimo imbunda n’amasasu.
19. Mu kigereranyo gikozwe n’umuyobozi w’ingabo z’u Rwanda, itsinda ry’inzobere
“rishyigikiwe n’Ubufaransa, ryahaye u Rwanda intsinzi yo mu Kwakira [1990]”.
20. Ku itariki ya 15 Ukwakira muri 1990, Perezida Mitterrand yavuze mu nama yagiranye
n’ibitangazamakuru ko Noroît yari igamije gukura Abafaransa n’abanyamahanga mu
Rwanda. Iri tsinda ryasigaye mu Rwanda imyaka irenga itatu, kandi abategetsi
b’Abafaransa nyuma bemeye ku mugaragaro ko iryo tsinda ryari rigamije kurwanya
FPR.
21. Abategetsi b’Abafaransa bohereje operation ya Noroît gukurikirana inyungu za
politike ishingiye ku miterere y’ibihugu z’Ubufaransa: kugira ngo baharanire inyungu
z’Ubufaransa mu Rwanda no guhumuriza ibihugu bivuga Igifaransa bubigaragariza
ko Leta y’Ubufaransa izatanga ubufasha bwa gisirikare igihe habayeho guterwa
guturutse hanze y’igihugu.
22. Mu rwego rwo kugaragaza ko bwubahiriza politiki yo kutivanga mu makimbirane
y’imbere mu gihugu, Leta y’Ubufaransa yashishikarije Leta y’u Rwanda kugaragaza
FPR Inkotanyi nk’abanyamahanga bateye u Rwanda baturutse i Bugande.
23. Abategetsi b’Ubufaransa nabo bagaragaje mu buryo butari bwo FPR nk’umuryango
w’Abatutsi ugamije gukandamiza imbaga nyamwinshi y’Abahutu mu Rwanda mu
buryo budashingiye kuri demokarasi.
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Imyanzuro n’ibyagezweho___________________________________________________________
24. Raporo zigaragaza ko Leta y’u Rwanda yakoze ibikorwa bibangamiye uburenganzira
bw’ikiremwamuntu mu buryo bukabije kandi igahagarikira iyicwa ry’Abatutsi mu
ntangiriro z’intambara ntibyabujije Leta y’Ubufaransa gukomeza gushyigikira
Habyarimana n’abasirikare ba FAR.
25. Mitterrand yanze gukurikiza inama yahawe n’abajyanama be mu bya gisirikare
bamusabaga gucyura bamwe mu basirikare b’ingabo za Noroît. Kuva mu matariki ya
mbere, kuri 11 Ukwakira 1990, umusirikari w’umujyanama mukuru wa Mitterrand
yamusabye ko ingabo zagabanuka kugirango: “Tutagaragara nk’abashyigikiye
ingabo z’u Rwanda mu gihe ibikorwa by’ubugome bukomeye bukorerwa abaturage
byagaragazwa”.
C. 1991-1992: Leta y’Ubufaransa yongereye ubufasha bwayo mu gihe Leta ya
Habyarimana yarimo ihohotera kandi yica ubwoko Tutsi.
26. Kuri 23 Mutarama 1991, ingabo za FPR zateye mu majyaruguru y’u Rwanda mu
mujyi wa Ruhengeri. Iminsi ibiri yakurikiye, Leta ya Habyarimana yarihimuye maze
yica Abagogwe barenga 500 b’abasivile muri ako gace.
27. Mu mpera z’ukwezi kwa Werurwe 1991, Leta y’Ubufaransa yohereje abasirikari 30
mu itsinda bise Détachement d’assistance militaire d’instruction (DAMI). DAMI rero
yakoranye mu buryo bwa hafi n’ingabo za FAR ahegereye igice cyaberagamo
imirwano, yagiriye inama abasirikari b’amapeti yo hejuru uburyo bunoze bwo
kurwana, ifasha abayobora battalion kuvugurura amatsinda yabo, maze batoza
abasirikari gukoresha imbunda nini n’intwaro ziturika.
28. Muri raporo yakozwe ku itariki ya 4 Mata 1991, uwari uyoboye ingabo z’Abafaransa
boherejwe mu bufatanye n’u Rwanda yasabye byihutirwa ko Paris yahagarika
kohereza DAMI mu gihe cy’amezi ane no guhagarika operation ya Noroît ariko
ntibyakorwa. Yababwiye ko ahangayikishijwe n’uko izindi mfashanyo mu bijyanye
n’igisirikari z’Abafaransa zaha imbaraga abarwanira impinduka mu Rwanda.
Nyamara iyo mitwe yombi, DAMI na Noroît yagumye mu Rwanda.
29. Mu mpeshyi 1991, Leta y’Ubufaransa yatangiye gutera inkunga igikorwa
cy’imishyikirano y’amahoro kugirango imirwano hagati ya FPR Inkotanyi na Leta ya
Habyarimana ihagarare. Muri iyo mishyikirano, abategetsi b’Abafaransa bavuzeko
nta ruhande babogamiye muri iyo mishyikirano, mu gihe bakomeje gushyigikira
Habyarimana n’ingabo za FAR.
30. Abafaransa bari mu mishyikirano banze ko FPR Inkotanyi yitabira imishyikirano
yabanje bashaka gushyikirana na Uganda, kugira ngo berekane nkana ko RPF
yarwanaga nk’intumwa za Uganda.
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31. Abategetsi b’Abafaransa bakomeje gushishikariza Leta ya Habyarimana kuyoboka
inzira ya demokarasi ariko bakomeza kwemera ikandamizwa, iterabwoba n’ibitero
bigamije kwica Abatutsi.
32. Mu kwezi kwa Werurwe 1992, radio igengwa na Leta yahamagariye Interahamwe
kwica Abatutsi n’abanyapolitike batavugaga rumwe na Leta ya Habyarimana i
Bugesera; akarere gaherereye mu birometero 40 mu majyepfo ya Kigali. Ubu
bwicanyi bwaje kwitwa ‘imyitozo’ yo gutsemba Abatutsi.
33. Nyuma y’iminsi itanu gusa ibitero bibaye, ambassadeur w’Ubufaransa mu Rwanda
yabwiye Paris ko radio igengwa na leta yahamagariye ibitero ku Batutsi. Leta nyinshi
z’amahanga n’amatsinda ya sosiete civile zamaganye ubugizi bwa nabi bushingiye ku
binyoma n’amakuru agambiriye ubugizi bwa nabi yatangajwe kuri radio. Ntibyabujije
ko mu mpera z’uko kwezi, Leta y’Ubufaransa yakira Ferdinand Nahimana,
Umuyobozi wa Radio Rwanda i Paris maze bemera ko bagiye kongera imfashanyo
mu kigo k’itangazamakuru mu Rwanda.
34. Nyuma y’ubwicanyi bwo mu Bugesera, imfashanyo za gisirikari zivuye mu Bufaransa
zarakomeje, harimo gutoza Garde Présidentielle, ariryo tsinda ryagize uruhare runini
muri Jenoside. Ubufasha bw’abasirikari b’Abafaransa ku ngabo z’u Rwanda (FAR)
bwari bwinshi bikabije ku buryo bwafashije, wavuga mu buryo buziguye, mu myitozo
ingabo z’u Rwanda zatojemo abaturage baje gukora ubwicanyi bukabije muri
Jenoside. Hari n’ibimenyetso by’uko Abafaransa ba DAMI bagize uruhare mu gutoza
imitwe y’ubwicanyi y’abaturage.
35. Mu kwezi kwa Kamena 1992, ingabo za FPR zateye mu majyaruguru y’u Rwanda
muri Byumba. Mu kwihimura, Abafaransa bohereje abandi basirikari mu Rwanda
kandi batanga intwaro, zarimo n’izizwi nka artillery 105mm. Nk’uko tubibwirwa
n’abahoze ari abasirikari ba FPR Inkotanyi ndetse n’abahoze ari abasirikari ba FAR,
abasirikari b’Abafaransa bakoze akazi gakomeye mu gukoresha intwaro za rutura za
cannons 105mm ku rugamba, baba berekana uko zikoreshwa cyangwa se barashisha
imbunda ubwabo.
36. Ku itariki ya 1 Kanama 1992, amasezerano yo guhagarika kurwana hagati ya FPR
Inkotanyi na Leta y’u Rwanda yashyizwe mu bikorwa. Aya masezerano yatumye
ihohoterwa ry’Abatutsi ryiyongera, hatangizwa irindi shyaka ry’abahezanguni ryitwa
Coalition pour la défense de la république (CDR) ndetse amashyaka ayobowe
n’imitwe yitwara gisirikare araguka – cyane cyane Interahamwe za MRND.
37. Mu mezi yanyuma ya 1992, Leta y’Ubufaransa yakomeje koherereza ingabo z’u
Rwanda (FAR) ibikoresho by’intambara. Ugufasha ubutegetsi b’ubwicanyi bwa
Habyarimana kwa Leta y’Ubufaransa bwatumye abahezanguni banga kwemera
kumvikana na FPR Inkotanyi noneho bibaha umwanya winyongera wo gutegura
Jenoside.
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D. Mutarama – Weruwe 1993: Birengagije raporo y’agahomamunwa ivuga uburyo
Leta y’u Rwanda yari itoteje ikiremwamuntu. Leta y’Ubufaransa yarengeje igipimo
yivanga mu ntambara yarwanyaga FPR Inkotanyi.
38. Muri Mutarama 1993, abakozi mpuzamahanga mu gukurikirana uburenganzira
bw’ikiremwamuntu, bakoze iperereza mu Rwanda bagaragariza abategetsi
b’Abafaransa ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko Leta ishyigikira ihohoterwa ry’Abatutsi.
Ambassaderi w’Ubufaransa mu Rwanda Georges Martres yabwiye Paris ko raporo
y’iyo mission “izongera amahano ku mahano dusanzwe tuzi”.
39. Ukongera gutoteza no kwica Umututsi nyuma y’uko itsinda mpuzamahangana ryari
rimaze kuva mu Rwanda, byavuzwe cyane mu itangazamakuru ry’Ubufaransa.
Ubufaransa, ku itariki 5 Gashyantare 1993, bwifatanyije n’ibindi bihugu bwagejeje
kuri Habyarimana inyandiko y’uburyo bwemewe (formal démarche), busaba
byihutirwa Leta y’u Rwanda guhagarika ihohoterwa.
40. FPR Inkotanyi yabonaga iyicwa ry’Abatutsi nko kutubahiriza ihagarikwa
ry’imirwano. Mu gihe, ku itariki ya 8 Gashyantare 1993, ingabo za FPR zateye
abasirikari ba Leta muri Ruhengeri, Leta y’Ubufaransa ntiyigeze yemera ko iyicwa
ryabaye intandaro, mu magambo y’umuvugizi wa Ministeri w’Ububanyi
n’Amahanga, “impamvu zo gusubukura imirwano”.
41. Mu gushyigikira FAR, ku itariki ya 8 Gashyantare 1993, Leta y’Ubufaransa yahise
yohereza abandi basirikari bo mu itsinda rya Noroît n’ibindi bikoresho by’intambara.
42. Hejuru y’abasirikare ba Noroît n’intwaro, ku itariki ya 22 Gashyantare 1993, Leta
y’Abafaransa yohereje abasirikari badasanzwe mu butumwa bw’ibanga ryiswe
Operation Chimère. Umu commanda w’abasirikari yanditse mu gitabo cye ko
yagenzuye neza imbaraga z’abasirikari b’u Rwanda mu ntambara muri iyi operation
kugeza mu ntangiriro za Werurwe 1993.
E. Werurwe 1993 – 5 Mata 1994: Mu gihe FAR yarimo itsindwa ku rugamba mu
Rwanda, Perezida Mitterrand yiyemeje gukura inyinshi mu ngabo z’Abafaransa mu
Rwanda. Ubufaransa bwakomeje gushyigikira mu gihe urugomo rw’abahezanguni
rwakwiriye kubera kurwanya Amasezerano y’Amahoro ya Arusha.
43. Kuri za bariyeri aho bagenzuriraga, itsinda rya Noroît ryagenzuraga indangamuntu
bareba ubwoko. Hakurikijwe amabwiriza y’igikorwa, abasirikari b’Abafaransa
bagombaga kwerekana ‘ibyitso’, ni ukuvuga guhereza Gendarmerie y’u Rwanda abantu
bose bakekwagaho gukorana na FPR Inkotanyi. Iki gikorwa cyafashije mu ivangura no
guhohotera Abatutsi.
44. Mu ntangiriro za 1993, mu gihe FPR Inkotanyi irushaho kunesha FAR, Mitterrand
yahisemo gutandukanya ingabo z’Abafaransa n’uruhande rwakomezaga gutsindwa mu
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Imyanzuro n’ibyagezweho___________________________________________________________
Rwanda, ariko yirinda gusa nkaho atereranye igihugu bafatanyije. Yiyemeje y’uko
ugutabara kw’amahanga k’Umuryango w’Abibumbye (UN) kuzamufasha gukora
byombi, kandi yagashyigikiye umwanzuro warimo kwigwa mu Muryango
w’Abibumbye wo kohereze ingabo mpuzamahanga mu Rwanda.
45. Mu mwaka wa 1993 hagati, abadiplomate b’Abafaransa biyemeje kumvisha
Umuryango w’Abibumye ngo wohereze indorerezi ku mupaka w’u Rwanda na Uganda
kugirango batume nta ntwaro, n’amasasu bigera kuri FPR Inkotanyi. Impapuro
zagaragaye ntizerekana igitekerezo nk’iki Ubufaransa bwaba bwarasabye ko igikorwa
nk’iki cyo gucunga intwaro gikorerwa Leta y’u Rwanda.
46. Mu mpeshyi ya 1993, imyitozo y’ingabo z’u Rwanda iyobowe n’Abafaransa
yariyongereye, mu gihe bategereje ko Ubufaransa bwakura ingabo zabwo mu Rwanda.
47. Ku itariki ya 4 Kanama 1993, Perezida Habyarimana n’umuyobozi mukuru wa FPR
Inkotanyi, Alexis Kanyarengwe basinye amasezerano y’Amahoro ya Arusha. Muri ayo
masezerano, ingabo ziyobowe n’Umuryango w’Abibumbye zari bwoherezwe mu
Rwanda, mu gihe Ubufaransa bwari butegerejwe gukura ingabo zabwo zisigaye mu
Rwanda, uretse b’abafatanyabikorwa bonyine batarebwaga n’iyi ngingo irebana
n’amaserano y’amahoro.
48. Ku itariki ya 13 Ukuboza 1993, ivanwa mu Rwanda ry’ingabo za Noroît ryari rirangiye.
Leta y’Ubufaransa yasize mu Rwanda abasirikari hafi ya 25 bakomeje kugira inama no
gufasha FAR, ariyo yarimo iha intwaro kandi itoza Interahamwe, abahezanguni bitwara
gisirikare bari baragize uruhare mu kwica Abatutsi (urugero: mu Bugesera) kandi akaba
aribo baje kwica Abatutsi muri Jenoside.
49. Mbere gato yuko abasirikari ba Noroît bataha, abategetsi b’Ubufaransa bemereye
sosiyete icuruza intwaro mu Bufaransa ko yoherereza ingabo y’u Rwanda (FAR) izindi
ntwaro. Muri Mutarama 1994, Umuryango w’Abibumbye wahise ufatira izo ntwaro
zigeze i Kigali.
50. Kuva igihe abasirikari ba Noroît bageze mu Rwanda mu Ukwakira 1990 kugeza
batashye, abategetsi b’Ubufaransa, umunsi ku wundi, bari bazi ingufu zakoreshwaga
kugira ngo Umututsi yamburwe ubumuntu bwe. Bararebye kandi bareberera uko
politiki y’ubugome yagendaga ikura, imvugo y’urwango rukabije yakoreshwaga mu
itangazamakuru ry’abahezanguni, ndetse n’uko buri munsi Abatutsi bamburwaga
ubumuntu bwabo. Babonye kandi bamenya uko Abatutsi barimo gushinyagurirwa kuri
za bariyeri, n’uko bahagarikwaga bagakorerwa iyicarubozo na gendarmerie. Babonye
kandi bamenya uko Abatutsi b’abagore n’abakobwa bakorerwaga ihohoterwa
rishingiye ku gitsina ndetse bagakubitwa. Binyuze mu magambo yakoreshaga, ibikorwa
byayo, ndetse no kugaragaza ko itabyitayeho, Leta y’Ubufaransa yemeye ndetse
ishoboza ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryaya mahano.
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Imyanzuro n’ibyagezweho___________________________________________________________
F. Tariki ya 6 Mata – Kamena 1994: Leta y’Ubufaransa yakomeje kurwanya FPR
Inkotanyi, ariyo yarimo kurwana ngo ihagarike Jenoside.
51. Abahezanguni bari barateguye kandi bashyira mu bikorwa Jenoside yakorewe
Abatutsi. Muri 2016, urukiko rw’Abafaransa rwabonye ko “ifatanya mu gutegura
ryaturuka mu muvuduko ubwicanyi bwakoranywe, kare cyane uhereye ku munsi
wakurikiye iraswa ry’indege ya Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana, kuba hari za bariyeri
mu Rwanda rwose harimo na Kigali, ugukwirakwizwa kw’amakuru na propagande
y’urwango yahamagariraga urwango, ugukwirakwiza kw’intwaro n’umuvuduko mu
kwica, ibi byose kandi bikaba bigize ibisabwa mu ifatanyamyiteguro.”
52. Ahagana saa sita kw’itariki ya 7 Mata, Interahamwe, n’izindi ntagondwa zabarizwaga
muri FAR zari zimaze kwica Abatutsi ndetse n’abatari Abatutsi b’abanyapolitiki bari
barashyizweho muri Leta y’Inzibacyuho yari yemeranijwe mu masezerano ya Arusha.
Uku kwica kandi kwabaye muri Kigali no mu gihugu cyose.
53. Iyibasirwa ryo gukuraho abanyapolitiki ndetse no kwica ingabo zari mu butumwa bwo
kurinda amahoro zavuye mu Bubiligi, byatanze inzira yo gukora coup d’état maze
rishyiraho guverinoma y’inzibacyuho yari igizwe n’abahezanguni ba politike.
Abategetsi b’Abafaransa bari banogewe n’abari bagize iyi guverinoma y’inzibacyuho.
54. Mu masaha make akurikira urupfu rwa Perezida Habyarimana, abasirikari
b’Abafaransa bari mu mirimo y’ubufatanye bari batuye hafi y’ikigo cya FAR bahise
bajya kureba aho indege yaguye bajyanye na Aloys Ntabakuze, umukuru w’itsinda
rya para-commando. (Garde Présidentielle bangiye Intumwa z’amahoro
z’Umuryango w’Abibumbye kugera aho indege yaguye). Uyu Ntabakuze yaje
guhamwa n’icyaha cyo kuyobora ukwicwa bw’Abatutsi barenga 1,000 (bashobora
kuba bagera kuri 4,000) by’Abatutsi b’abagabo, abagore, ndetse n’abana bari
bahungiye mu ishuri ry’imyuga ryo ku Kicukiro (École Technique Officielle).
55. Mu minsi ya mbere ya Jenoside, Abasirikari batojwe n’Abafaransa – cyane cyane abo
mu itsinda rya para-commando, aba battalion ya reconnaissance, n’abarindaga
perezida, bagize uruhare runini mu kuyobora iyicwa ry’abanyapolitiki badafite
ingengabitekezo no kwica abaturage b’Abatutsi.
56. Abafaransa basigaye mu Rwanda ndetse n’abakozi bakuru b’ambassade y’Abafaransa
muri Kigali babaye abatangabuhamya ku bwicanyi ako kanya Jenoside igitangira.
57. Ubwo Jenoside yari imaze gutangira, Leta y’Ubufaransa yahise ifata icyemezo cyo
kohereza Operation Amaryllis, mu butumwa bwo gukura mu Rwanda Abafaransa
n’abandi banyamahanga bari mu gihugu. Icyo gihe, yahise inatwara ba ruharwa ba
Jenoside, barimo Agathe Kanziga Habyarimana (uwahoze ari umugore wa perezida
w’u Rwanda ari nawe wari ukuriye icyo bise Akazu, agatsiko k’abahezanguni ku
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Imyanzuro n’ibyagezweho___________________________________________________________
isonga ryo kurwanyaga Abatutsi) ndetse na Ferdinand Nahimana, wari umuyobozi wa
radio RTLM.
58. Abasirikari ba Amaryllis biboneye uko Abatutsi b’abasivile bicwa urubozo, ariko
kubera amategeko, birinze kurokora ubuzima bw’abantu.
59. Mu matariki ya nyuma ya Mata 1994, Leta y’Ubufaransa yakiriye abategetsi bakuru
ba Leta Nyarwanda y’Inzibacyuho i Paris. Abo bategetsi bari baragiye mu Bufaransa
gusaba intwaro n’amasasu. Leta ya Amerika n’Ububiligi banze kwakira abo
bategetsi ba Leta y’Inzibacyuho.
60. Ubwo Jenoside yakomezaga ibihugu by’amahanga birebera, Ubufaransa
bwaburijemo ubushake bw’Umuryango w’Abibumbye bwo kwemeza no guhamya
uruhare rwa Leta y’Inzibacyuho.
61. Perezida Mitterrand na benshi mu bategetsi bakuru b’Ubufaransa bashyigikiye
abakoraga Jenoside aho guha ingufu abarimo barwana ngo bayihagarike –
basobanuriraga umuryango w’abanyamahanga ko ubwicanyi ari ugukomeza ku
intambara hagati y’ingabo zishyamiranye, aho kwemeza ko ari Jenoside yarimo
kuba, baharanira uguhagarara kw’imirwano no gusubira mu masezerano y’amahoro
yari yarasenyutse, nkaho imishyikirano yari umuti wo guhagarika itsembatsemba;
bananiwe gukoresha ubuhangange bw’Ubufaransa ngo bahagarike urwango rwari
rwahawe intebe ku ma radio cyangwa se gushakisha uburyo bukwiye bwo kumvisha
Leta y’Inzibacyuho na FAR ngo bahagarike ubwicanyi; ahubwo bakaburizamo
icyemezo cy’Umuryango w’Abibumbye cyari kigamije kwamagana Leta
y’Abatabazi.
62. Ubwo Jenoside yatwaraga amagana n’amagana y’abantu bicirwaga mu maso
y’ibihugu by’amahanga buri munsi, Ubufaransa bwarwanyije Umuryango
w’Abibumbye washyiraga imbaraga mu kwemeza no kurwanya ubufatanyacyaha
bwa Leta y’Abatabazi.
G. 22 Kamena 1994 – Kanama 1994: Ibikorwa bivuguruzanya byabujije Operation
Turquoise, kugera ku bikorwa byayo by’ubutabazi.
63. Muri Kamena 1994, igitutu kivuye mu binyamakuru, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta,
n’abaturage b’Abafaransa byari bihangayikishije, batumye Leta y’Ubufaransa
gutekereza icyo gukorwa kijyanye na Jenoside.
64. Nyuma y’ibikorwa byabo mu Rwanda aho basaga n’abifatanije mu bikorwa
by’ubugome mu myaka itatu yari ishize, Leta y’Ubufaransa yasabye Umuryango
w’Abibumbye ko hemerwa ibikorwa bya gisirikare by’ubutabazi bw’abantu mu
Rwanda.
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Imyanzuro n’ibyagezweho___________________________________________________________
65. Ku itariki 22 Kamena 1994, Umuryango w’Abibumbye wemereye Leta
y’Ubufaransa gutangiza igikorwa ‘ubutumwa bw’ubutabazi’ mu Rwanda, n’ubwo
FPR Inkotanyi n’abandi banyamuryango b’Akanama Kihariye Gashinzwe
Umutekano mu Muryango w’Abibumbye bari bagaragaje ugushidikanya ku
mpamvu nyazo Leta y’Ubufaransa yasahakaga ubu butumwa.
66. Igikorwa cyakurikiyeho, kizwi ku izina rya Operation Turquoise, ntabwo cyari
ubutabazi gusa. Itumanaho hagati ya Mitterrand n’abandi bayobozi bakuru
b’Ubufaransa bari bashinzwe Turquoise n’ibikorwa byabo, bigaragaza ko imwe mu
ntego za Élysée yari iyo guhagarika intsinzi ya FPR.
67. Igihe abasirikari b’Abafaransa bageze mu Rwanda, RTLM yanyuzaga ibiganiro kuri
radio yayo ko abasirikari b’Abafaransa baje gukura u Rwanda mu maboko ya FPR
Inkotanyi. Abasirikari b’u Rwanda (FAR) n’abambari babo bakiriye itsinda rya
Turquoise nk’abakiza.
68. N’ubwo inshingano rukumbi ya Operation Turquoise yari yahawe n’Umuryango
w’Abibumbye yari ugutabara, Mitterrand na bamwe mubajyanama be bakomeje
gushakisha icyatuma FPR Inkotanyi itagera ku intego yayo yo gufata igihugu cyose,
nk’uko bamwe mu ingabo za Turquoise zari zarakoranye na FAR kandi bari
bakibona FAR nk’abo bafatanije. Bamwe muri abo basirikari rero bari baramaze
gufata uruhande bariho.
69. Ku itariki ya 27 Kamena 1994, abasirikari b’Abafaransa bahuye ndetse babona iyica
ryakorerwaga mu Bisesero. Ahongaho, Abatutsi bari barishwe n’inzara ndetse
n’ubwoba basohotse mu bwihisho bwinshi binginga Abafaransa ngo babakize
ubwicanyi bwari burimo kubakorerwa. Ntibahagaze ku butumwa bwabo bwiswe
ubutumwa bwo gutabara, abasirikari b’Abafaransa barigendeye maze batanga raporo
yibyo babonye ku ruhererekane rw’abayobozi. Ababakuriye banze kubohereza ngo
basubireyo hashira iminsi itatu. Muri iyo minsi itatu, Abatutsi benshi barishwe.
70. Hari ibimenyetso ko mu gihe cya Turquoise, abayobozi b’abasirikari b’Abafaransa
bashatse gukoresha indege z’intambara ku basirikari ba FPR Inkotanyi.
71. Ku itariki ya 4 Nyakanga 1994, Leta y’Ubufaransa yashyizeho ‘safe humanitarian
zone’ (SHZ), ahantu mu burengerazuba mu Rwanda hashobora kuba hangana na
kimwe cya gatanu cy’igihugu. Mu kugerageza gukumira ko RPF Inkotanyi zagera
muri ako gace. Leta y’Ubufaransa yahise ivuga ko harinzwe n’Ingabo z’Abafaransa
kandi ivuga ko FPR Inkotanyi itahafite uburenganzira niyo byaba ari ugukiza
ubuzima bw’Abatutsi.
72. Abasirikari b’Abafaransa ntibari bafite abantu n’ubushobozi buhagije bwo gufasha
no kwita ku impunzi zari muri zone ya SHZ.
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Imyanzuro n’ibyagezweho___________________________________________________________
73. RPF Inkotanyi yafashe umujyi wa Kigali ku itariki ya 4 Nyakanga 1994; abicanyi
bakomeza guhunga. SHZ yahaye ubuhungiro abajenosideri mu gihe bahungaga FPR
Inkotanyi yarimo ibasatira. Abasirikari b’Abafaransa ntibigeze bafata cyangwa ngo
bambure imbunda n’ibindi bikoresho by’intambara abakoze Jenoside maze kandi
bafasha Leta y’Abatabazi kunyura hagati ya zone SHZ bahunga no kwambuka bajya
muri Zaire.
74. Abayobozi b’Abafaransa ntibigeze bafata icyemezo cyo guhagarika radio RTLM
cyangwa ngo bahagarike amakuru ya Radio Rwanda. Ako kanya mbere yo guhunga
u Rwanda, Leta y’Abatabazi yakoresheje imiyoboro ya za radiyo bahamagarira
abaturage guhunga u Rwanda maze bahunga ku bwinshi bajya Zaire.
75. Muri Zaire, abahoze ari abasirikari b’u Rwanda (ex-FAR) batangiye kwishyira
hamwe bategura gutera u Rwanda. Ni muri gahunda zo gutera, abasirikare
b’Abafaransa bari mu birindiro muri Zaire bahuye na ex-FAR kuri iyi ngingo.
76. Muri ibyo byose, ubutumwa bwa Turquoise bwapfubiyemo. Bwarokoye abantu
ariko mu by’ukuri, bwerekanye ubushobozi buke mu gufasha ubuzima no kuzuza
inshingano zayo z’ubutabazi. Turquoise yafashije FAR, Interahamwe, abakoze
Jenoside guhunga, bityo bitangiza ikindi gikorwa cya kabiri cyateye ibiza
birengereye muri Zaire binateza umutekano muke mu karere.
H. Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yagaragariye Leta y’Ubufaransa ko izaba.
77. Mu gihe FPR Inkotanyi yari yegereje mu guhagarika Jenoside, Perezida Mitterrand
yahakanye uruhare rw’Abafaransa muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi maze yemeza
ko atashoboraga kubona ko Jenoside yari igiye kuba. Ibi ntabwo byari ukuri.
78. Mu myaka ine ibanziriza Jenoside, nta Leta yigeze ikorana hafi na Habyarimana
nk’uko Ubufaransa bwabikoze.
79. Mu ntangiriro z’Ukwakira 1990, abayobozi b’Abafaransa bari mu Rwanda
bamenyesheje Mitterrand n’ibisonga bye i Paris ko Leta y’u Rwanda yarimo kwica
Abatutsi ibaziza ko FPR Inkotanyi yateye.
80. Nyuma gato, abasirikari b’Abafaransa bageze mu Rwanda, abategetsi b’Abafaransa
bamenye ko Umututsi yari yambuwe ubumuntu, ko yarateshejwe agaciro, ndetse
akanicwa. Nk’uko Intumwa y’Ubufaransa mu Rwanda, Georges Martres, yaje
kuvuga nyuma ati: “Jenoside yagaragaraga ko izaba kare nko mu Ukwakira 1990,
n’ubwo tutashoboraga kubona neza uburemere bwayo bw’indengakamere.”
81. Ku itariki ya 24 Ukwakira 1990, ushinzwe igisirikari muri ambassade y’Ubufaransa
mu Rwanda, Colonel René Galinié, yaburiye ku iyicwa ry’Abatutsi mu Rwanda
hose, hagati y’abantu bangana nka 500,000 kugeza kuri 700,000.
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82. Mu gihe Leta y’Ubufaransa yakomeje gufasha Leta ya Habyarimana mu bihe
by’intambara hagati yayo na FPR Inkotanyi, Leta y’Ubufaransa yari izi neza ko Leta
ya Habyarimana yashatse kwihimura ifasha mu kwica kubera ibitero bya FPR
Inkotanyi n’izindi mpamvu za politiki, muri Kibilira na Mutara (Ukwakira, 1990),
Bigogwe (Mutarama 1991), Bugesera (Werurwe 1992), Kibuye (Kanama 1992), na
Gisenyi-Ruhengeri (Mutarama 1993).
83. Muri Mutarama 1993, itsinda ry’impuguke mu burenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu
zakoze raporo ziyiha abategetsi b’Abafaransa mu Rwanda na Paris mu byo zari
zabonye mu gihe zari mu butumwa mu Rwanda. Iyo raporo yagaragaje udutsiko
tw’abicanyi tuyobowe na guverinoma n’ubwicanyi bwibasiye Abatutsi.
84. Ministiri w’Ingabo w’Ubufaransa yirengagije inyandiko zo muri ministeri ye
zavugaga ko kuva mu kwezi kwa Mata 1993 Ubufaransa bukwiye kuva mu Rwanda
kugira ngo bwirinde kongera kwivanga mu iyicwa ry’Abatutsi na gahunda y’ivangura
ryabo.
85. Mu ntangiriro z’Ukwakira 1990, amagana y’Abayobozi b’Abafaransa – abasirikari
n’abasivile – boherejwe mu Rwanda bamenye neza amakuru (yandikwaga mu rurimi
rw’Igifaransa) kandi avugwa mu Gifaransa ashimangira urwango, ikoreshwa
ry’indangamuntu, ishyirwaho ry’amabariyeri kugira ngo baburabuze kandi baserereze
Abatutsi, kwibasira no gufata ku ngufu abagore b’Ababatutsikazi, iyicarubozo
ryakorewe Abatutsi rikozwe n’abajandarume, ndetse no guhohoterwa kwakorwaga
n’Interahamwe ndetse n’igisirikari.
86. Leta y’Ubufaransa yari iziko ishyaka CDR n’izindi ntagondwa zari zarateguye uko
bazica Abatutsi.
87. Muri Mutarama 1994, amezi atatu mbere yuko Jenoside itangira, Leta y’Ubufaransa
yaburiwe n’umwe mu batangamakuru bizewe, binyujijwe mu Muryango
w’Abibumbye ko Interahamwe zateguye kandi zifite umugambi wo kurimbura
Abatutsi.
88. Nubwo abayobozi b’Abafaransa bari bafite amakuru ku ikorwa rya Jenoside, Leta
y’Ubufaransa ntiyigeze ihindura politiki yayo mu Rwanda.
I. Kuva Jenoside yaba, Leta y’Ubufaransa yahishiriye uruhare rwayo mu gukora
Jenoside, yaburijemo kandi ihisha ukuri, maze irinda abakoze Jenoside.
89. Abayobozi b’Ubufaransa, kuva kuri Mitterrand, bahakanye uruhare na ruke muri
Jenoside. Mu kiganiro yakoze muri Nzeli 1994, Mitterrand yashimangiye ko ‘uruhare
rwacu ntaruhari’.
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90. Muri 1998, Abadepite b’Abafaransa baje mu butumwa bwo gushakisha amakuru
yerekana uko Ubufaransa bwitwaye mu Rwanda (MIP), ariko bwari bufite inenge
ikabije. Kugera kuri uyu munsi, impapuro zikomeye n’ubuhamya byaturutse mu
batangabuhamya ba MIP ziracyari ibanga.
91. Mu kiganiro, umuyobozi wa MIP, Paul Quilès, yatanze, yahanaguyeho uruhare
rw’Ubufaransa nubwo herekanwaga ibimenyetso simusiga byavugaga ibinyuranye
n’ibyo yavuze. Umwe muri babiri batangaga amakuru mu ba MIP yaje kwemera ko
benshi mu bari bagize misiyo batari bashishikajwe no gushaka kubona ukuri.
92. Abayobozi b’Abafaransa bagerageje guhindurira icyaha cy’itangira rya Jenoside ngo
ikigereke kuri FPR Inkotanyi. Bakwije inkuru kandi babeshya ko nubwo Jenoside
yakorewe Abatutsi yabaye hari n’indi jenoside ya kabiri: bavuga yakorewe Abahutu
kandi ikozwe na FPR Inkotanyi (igitekerezo cya jenoside ebyiri).
93. Mu mwaka wa 2006, umucamanza w’Umufaransa, Jean-Louis Bruguière, yasohoye
inyandiko yo gushinja no gushakisha abategetsi bo hejuru ba FPR Inkotanyi; abarega
ko aribo bahanuye indege yari itwaye Perezida Juvenal Habyarimana. Urukiko
rw’Ubujurire rw’Ubufaransa rwanzuye ko iperereza rya Bruguière ryari rishingiye
cyane cyane ku nyandiko zidafite gihamya cyangwa zivuguruzanya. Mu gihe ibirego
byose muri uru rubanza rw’abayobozi bakuru ba FPR Inkotanyi byaje kuburizwamo,
iperereza ryaje kwitambika mu kirego imyaka myinshi. Ibyo byari ukurangaza abantu
ku ruhare Leta y’Ubufaransa yagize muri Jenoside.
94. Agathe Kanziga Habyarimana, wari umugore wa Perezida w’u Rwanda muri icyo
gihe, yemerewe kuguma mu Bufaransa n’ubwo urukiko ruburanisha impunzi
rwamwimye ubuhunzi kandi babonye ko yari ‘umutima w’ubutegetsi’ kandi ko yari
afite uruhare rukomeye mu gutegura iyicwa ry’Abatutsi kuva mu Ukwakira 1990
ugakomeza, bityo akaba yari umwe mu bisonga byateguye Jenoside yakorewe
Abatutsi muri 1994.
95. Abayobozi b’Abafaransa bagenze gahoro kugira ngo bageze abakekwaho gukora
Jenoside mu bucamanza ariko abenshi mu bakoze Jenoside baridegembya mu
Bufaransa. Kugeza uyu munsi, batatu gusa mu bakoze Jenoside nibo baciriwe
urubanza mu Bufaransa (kandi bose bahamwe n’icyaha). Ugufatwa kwa Félicien
Kabuga muri Gicurasi 2020 ni ikimenyetso cyiza kigaragaza ko abayobozi
b’Ubufaransa bashobora kuba bagiye kurushaho kubyitondera, bagashyiramo ingufu
n’ubushobozi mu kurwanya kudahanwa.
96. Leta y’Ubufaransa ikomeje guhishira uruhare rwayo muri Jenoside ihisha inyandiko
zikomeye zigaragaza uruhare rwayo muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Muri iri
perereza, Leta y’u Rwanda yandikiye inshuro eshatu Leta y’Ubufaransa iyisobanurira
k’umugaragaro ko yifuza inyandiko, zohererejewe Leta y’Ubufaransa ku itariki 20
Ukuboza 2019, 20 Nyakanga 2020, na 27 Mutarama 2021 zikurikiranye. Uretse
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Imyanzuro n’ibyagezweho___________________________________________________________
kumenyekanisha ko babonye ubu busabe, Leta y’Ubufaransa ntirigera isubiza na
rimwe ayo mabaruwa.
97. Kumenyekanisha inyandiko za vuba aha zijyanye na raporo ya komisiyo ya Duclert
ni intambwe iganisha ku nzira yo gukorera mu mucyo.
J. Uyu munsi: Ingaruka za Jenoside zirakomeje.
98. Uruhare rwa Leta y’Ubufaransa rugomba gupimwa, mu rwego rwo kwangiza ubuzima
b’abantu, amagambo n’ibikorwa byayo byashoboje Jenoside mu Rwanda.
99. Abanyarwanda, cyane cyane abarokotse Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, bakomeje
kugira ihungabana batewe n’ibikomere ku mubiri no ku mutima ndetse no kubura
ababo.
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